Skip to content

Advertisement

SpringerPlus
SpringerPlus Cover Image
  • Research
  • Open Access

Genetic diversity and relationship of cattle populations of East India: distinguishing lesser known cattle populations and established breeds based on STR markers

  • 1Email author,
  • 1,
  • 1 and
  • 1
SpringerPlus20132:359

https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-359

©  Sharma et al.; licensee Springer. 2013

  • Received: 16 March 2013
  • Accepted: 29 July 2013
  • Published:

Abstract

India has 34 recognized breeds of cattle in addition to many more not characterized and accredited so far. It is imperative to characterize all the cattle germplasm of the country so as to have better breeding and conservation options. Thus, present study was planned for assessing genetic diversity and relationship between three local cattle populations (Gangatiri, Shahabadi and Purnea) and two established cattle breeds (Bachaur and Siri) of eastern India by using 21 FAO and ISAG recommended microsatellite markers. A total of 243 unrelated DNA samples of five cattle populations were collected from respective habitats. A total of 304 microsatellite alleles were identified with number of alleles at one locus ranging from 5 to 29. The average observed heterozygosity lie within the narrow range of 0.681 ± 0.04 in Purnea to 0.721 ± 0.03 in Siri. Mean estimates of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci and breeds were 0.704 ± 0.02 and 0.720 ± 0.01, respectively. In the overall population, the homozygote excess (FIT) of 0.073 ± 0.02, was partly due to the homozygote excess within breeds (FIS = 0.026 ± 0.02) and to a larger extent due to genetic differentiation among breeds (FST = 0.048 ± 0.01). The genetic distance, STRUCTURE and Principal Component Analyses concluded that the Siri cattle are most distinct among the investigated cattle populations. Furthermore the analysis of genetic structure indicated that the most probable number of clusters is four. All analysis showed that a significant amount of genetic variation is maintained in local cattle populations of which Shahabadi and Purnea are distinct from the recognized breeds of the area and needs recognition as breeds.

Keywords

  • Conservation
  • Diversity
  • Genetic relationship
  • Indian Cattle
  • Microsatellite markers
  • Population structure

Introduction

A large and divergent range of agro-ecological zones in India has helped to develop number of cattle populations. Cattle are the largest livestock species in India and constitute 37.5% of its total livestock population (BAHS-Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2012). However, it is surprising to note that only 11.6% of total cattle (199.08 million) belong to pure indigenous breeds, whereas, 69.7% were classified as non-descript indigenous animals (BAHS-Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2012). Non-descript population includes the cross-bred populations, populations which are mixture of different breeds or the populations which have not yet been studied or described. Non-descript population is greatly contributing to the total Gross Domestic Product from livestock sector. In addition, indigenous animal genetic resources is known for heat and draught tolerance, disease resistance and subsistence on poor feed, opening scope for allele mining for these traits. Thus the emphasis should be to describe, characterize and document lesser known populations in the country so that the proportion of non-descript population is considerably transformed in to defined breeds. This will be first step towards planning the organized breeding program for their genetic improvement, conservation strategies and sustainable utilization.

Gangatiri, Shahabadi and Purnea are three non-descript cattle populations of eastern India. The registered cattle breeds in and surrounding area include Bachaur and Siri. Bachaur, Shahabadi and Purnea cattle are from Bihar state whereas, Gangatiri belongs to area of Uttar Pradesh state bordering Bihar and habitat of Siri borders Bihar state on eastern side (Figure 1). Typical animals of these breeds and populations are available in their native tracts in optimum number (>4000) to constitute viable breeding populations (FAO 2007). Since last two decades these populations are showing declining trend (Singh 2009) thus need immediate attention, failing which our ancestral efforts of artificial selection, operative since time immemorial, may go in vein and there may be a non-repairable loss from the national and world gene pool. Employment of microsatellite markers is one of the most powerful means for studying the genetic diversity, calculation of genetic distances, detection of bottlenecks and admixture because of their high degree of polymorphism, random distribution across the genome and neutrality with respect to selection (Dodgson et al. 1997). Considering the importance of cattle in Indian agriculture, efforts have been made to evaluate the genetic diversity and relationship in Indian cattle using microsatellite markers. These included native cattle breeds adapted to the north-western arid and semi-arid region of India (Sodhi et al. 2008; 2011), north Indian cattle breeds (Sharma et al. 2009), South Indian breeds (Metta et al. 2004) and cattle of Orissa state and hill cattle of Kumaun (Sharma et al. 2012a). However, the genetic relationship between native cattle breeds of eastern India is unknown.
Figure 1
Figure 1

Distribution of cattle populations.

The present study aimed to genetically characterize and distinguish lesser known cattle populations (Shahabadi, Purnea and Gangatiri) and recognized cattle breeds of eastern India (Bachaur and Siri). Twenty one microsatellites (Short Tandem Repeats, STR) were amplified in five multiplex PCR. We intend to evaluate not only the current diversity but also to know their relationship for the conservation of the genetic diversity in the context of biodiversity management programs.

Materials and methods

Biological material

Shahabadi, Purnea and Gangatiri are non-descript cattle from Eastern India (Figure 1). Gangatiri and Shahabadi are white or grey colored animals. Gangatiri animals are reared for milk production (4–6 liters per day) as well as for agricultural operations (Singh et al. 2007). Shahabadi cattle are mainly distributed in Buxar, Bhojpur, Kaimoor and Rohtas (Sasaram) districts of Bihar. The milk production varies from 2 to 6 liters in a day (Sharma et al. 2012b). Purnea animals are of small size and compact body. The coat colour of Purnea cattle varies from light to deep red with few greyish white animals (Sharma et al. 2013). The animals are primarily employed for agricultural operations, for carrying load and transportation. The habitat of Purnea cattle encompasses Purnia commissionery of Bihar state (Purnia, Araria, Katihar and Kishanganj districts).

Bachaur and Siri are recognized cattle breeds of Eastern India. Bachaur, a famous draught purpose cattle breed is concentrated in Bachaur Pargana (Madhubani, Sitamarhi and Darbhanga districts) of Bihar state. The habitat of Bachaur has shrunken with time to northern part of Bihar bordering Nepal. The animals are white to grey in colour. The cows are poor milker, producing an average of 2.2 kg of milk per day and are managed under extensive management (Sharma et al. 2007). Animals of Siri breed are small in size and are distributed in the hilly tracts of West Bengal (adjoining state of Bihar) and Sikkim states of India. The color most frequently seen is black and white or extensive solid black. The Siri has a hump that is thoracic, muscular-fatty and slightly forward in position as compared to other Zebu breeds of India. The animal carries a thick coat all the year around which protects them from heavy rains and severe cold (Sharma et al. 2008).

Blood sampling and microsatellite analysis

Samples of the populations included in this study represented animals of the original autochthonous phenotype. Blood samples from 243 individuals were collected (Bachaur-50, Gangatiri-50, Shahabadi-48, Purnea-47 and Siri-48) from different villages of habitat (Figure 1) while avoiding closely related individuals on the basis of detailed interview with owners. Blood samples collected in 10 ml vacuitainer tubes containing EDTA as anticoagulant were stored at −20°C until DNA extraction. DNA isolation was carried out using modified Phenol-chloroform method (Sambrook et al. 1989). Isolated DNA samples were amplified by PCR in correspondence with the selected panel of 21 loci. The loci were chosen, according to ISAG/FAO recommendation aiming to analyze high polymorphic markers spread all over the genome and ability to co-amplify in PCR reactions (FAO [Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations] 2011). The fluorochrome labeled (FAM, NED, PET& VIC) primers were synthesized by Applied Biosystems (Table 1). For amplification, 50-100 ng of genomic DNA was added to a reaction mixture containing 50 pMol of primer- forward and reverse, 200 μM of every dNTPs, 1.5 mM of MgCl2 and 0.5U of taq polymerase in a final volume of 25 μl. All the microsatellites were amplified by a MJ thermal cycler at the following conditions: initial denaturation step of 1 min at 95°C, 30 cycles of 1 min at 95°C, 1 min at T°C (optimum annealing temperature of each primer) and 1 min at 72°C and a final extension of 5 min at 72°C. Amplified fragments were separated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI PRISM 310 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Fluorescently labeled fragments were detected and sized using GeneMapper (version 3.7, Applied Biosystems).
Table 1

Characteristics of 21 microsatellite loci used in present study

Primers

Primer sequences (5′-3′)

Forward label

Set

Annealing temp

Product size (bp)

Total number of alleles per locus

BM1824

gagcaaggtgtttttccaatc

VIC

4

58°C

178-194

7

cattctccaactgcttccttg

CSSM08

cttggtgttactagccctggg

VIC

3

55°C

182-200

7

gatatatttgccagagattctgca

CSSM33

cactgtgaatgcatgtgtgtgagc

NED

5

58°C

148-186

19

cccatgataagagtgcagatgact

CSSM66

acacaaatcctttctgccagctga

FAM

4

60°C

167-207

17

aatttaatgcactgaggagcttgg

ETH10

gttcaggactggccctgctaaca

NED

1

58°C

185-221

14

cctccagcccactttctcttctc

ETH225

gaacctgcctctcctgcattgg

VIC

4

64°C

134-156

11

actctgcctgtggccaagtagg

ETH3

gatcaccttgccactatttcct

NED

4

57°C

92-122

14

acatgacagccagctgctact

HEL09

cccattcagtcttcagaggt

FAM

5

59°C

140-168

13

cacatccatgttctcaccac

HEL5

gcaggatcacttgttaggga

VIC

3

55°C

137-187

20

agacgttagtgtacattaac

ILSTS06

tgtctgtatttctgctgtgg

FAM

5

58°C

279-303

11

acacggaagcgatctaaacg

ILSTS11

gcttgctacatggaaagtgc

NED

1

58°C

261-269

5

ctaaaatgcagagccctacc

ILSTS34

aagggtctaagtccactggc

VIC

5

59°C

138-208

29

gacctggtttagcagagagc

ILSTS33

tattagagtggctcagtgcc

PET

3

55°C

137-163

10

atgcagacagttttagaggg

INRA05

caatctgcatgaagtataaatat

FAM

2

54°C

130-144

8

cttcaggcataccctacacc

INRA35

atcctttgcagcctccacattg

FAM

3

54°C

80-142

24

ttgtgctttatgacactatccg

INRA63

atttgcacaagctaaatctaacc

PET

2

54°C

164-188

11

aaaccacagaaatgcttggaag

MM12

caagacaggtgtttcaatct

PET

4

52°C

88-132

20

atcgactctggggatgatgt

MM8

cccaaggacagaaaagact

NED

2

55°C

114-140

10

ctcaagataagaccacacc

TGLA122

ccctcctccaggtaaatcagc

VIC

1

58°C

135-179

18

aatcacatggcaaataagtacatac

TGLA227

cgaattccaaatctgttaatttgct

PET

2

55°C

97-119

16

acagacagaaactcaatgaaagca

TGLA53

gctttcagaaatagtttgcattca

FAM

1

58°C

142-184

20

 

atcttcacatgatattacagcaga

     

Statistical analysis

GENALEX 6.2 software (Peakall and Smouse, 2008) was used to estimate basic population genetic descriptive statistics for each marker and population: gene frequency, observed number of alleles (No), number of private alleles, effective number of alleles (Ne), observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Wright’s statistics FIS (f), FST (θ) and FIT (F) and Nei’s (Nei 1987) standard genetic distances among populations were calculated as implemented in GENALEX software. Pair wise matrix of the genetic distances was then used to obtain a Neighbor-joining tree which was visualized using the software TreeView (Page 1996). Bootstraps of 1000 replicates were performed in order to test the robustness of tree topology using the Phylip software (Felsenstein 1993). Multivariate analysis of microsatellite allele frequencies (Principal Component analysis, PCA) was applied to reveal the underlying evolutionary history and admixture among populations. An alternative model-based Bayesian clustering analysis was used to infer how many clusters or subpopulations (K) were most appropriate for interpreting the data without prior information on the number of locations at which the individuals were sampled as implemented in STRUCTURE v2.2 (Pritchard et al. 2000). Analysis was performed with a burn-in length of 50,000 followed by 30,000 MCMC (Marcov Chain Monte Carlo) iterations for each K = 1 to 7 with five replicate runs for each K using independent allele frequencies and no admixture. Optimal K value was selected after analyzing the result files with STRUCTURE Harvester (Earl and vonHoldt 2012).

Results and discussion

In the present study genetic status and diversity of lesser known indigenous cattle populations of eastern India and their relationship with established breeds of the same region was established using microsatellite markers. All microsatellite markers used in this study were successfully amplified in five multiplex sets designed with consideration for annealing temperature, product size and specific dye label in all the populations (Table 1). The genotype data generated in present study showed that significant amount of genetic variation is maintained in local cattle populations. All the markers were found to be polymorphic in each of the five populations analyzed. Considering all the populations, majority of the markers were in HWE. Number of loci deviating from HWE (P < 0.05) were one for Gangatiri (ETH3) and Shahabadi (MM8), two for Bachaur (TGLA122, MM12), three for Siri (TGLA227, ETH10, CSSM66) and none for Purnea cattle populations. The level of variations depicted by number of alleles at each locus serves as a measure of genetic variability having direct effect on differentiation of breeds within a species (Buchanan et al. 1994). All the 21 microsatellite loci showed ample polymorphism for evaluating within breed genetic variability and exploring genetic differences between breeds. A total of 304 alleles were detected with ILSTS34 presenting the highest number of alleles per locus (29) while ILSTS11 presented the lowest (5) number of alleles (Table 1). ILSTS34 presented the highest number of alleles per locus (19) in Bachaur cattle while BM1824, ETH10 and ILSTS11 presented the lowest (4) in Purnea cattle. The effective number of alleles per locus in a population varied from 1.492 (TGLA227) to 10.301 (INRA35) and was proportional to the value of expected heterozygosity found in these loci (TGLA227, 0.330 and INRA35, 0.903) (Table 2). Lower values of expected number of alleles as compared to observed number of alleles in all the populations suggested that there were many low frequency alleles in the populations. The mean observed number of alleles across all the loci was 9.486 ± 0.327 and was higher than other indigenous cattle breeds (Metta et al. 2004; Mukesh et al. 2004; Pandey et al. 2006a and 2006b). Lower allelic diversity than studied populations have also been reported in exotic cattle- Burlina-6.7 (Dalvit et al. 2008), Brown Swiss-5.4 (Schmid et al. 1999) and Creole cattle-7.2 (Egito et al. 2007). Previously also the allelic diversity in the Indian livestock breeds has been observed to be higher than that reported for the European counterpart (Joshi et al. 2012) that has been attributed to lack of artificial selection pressure. Allelic diversity of similar magnitude has also been reported in Tharparkar, Rathi and Orissa cattle populations of India (Sodhi et al. 2008; Sharma et al. 2012a). Measures of genetic diversity based on allelic richness are considered important in conservation genetics as marker-assisted methods for maximizing number of alleles conserved have been shown to be effective (Bataillon et al. 1996). It is also relevant in long-term perspective, as selection limits are determined by the initial allelic composition rather than by heterozygosity (Petit et al. 1998).
Table 2

Genetic variability parameters of five cattle populations

 

Bachaur

Gangatiri

Shahabadi

Purnea

Siri

Locus

No

Ne

Ho

He

No

Ne

Ho

He

No

Ne

Ho

He

No

Ne

Ho

He

No

Ne

Ho

He

BM1824

6

2.678

0.580

0.627

5

2.400

0.660

0.583

6

2.471

0.532

0.595

4

2.297

0.404

0.565

6

3.683

0.667

0.729

CSSM08

7

2.119

0.510

0.528

6

2.533

0.667

0.605

6

2.496

0.545

0.599

7

2.409

0.581

0.585

6

2.950

0.600

0.661

CSSM33

14

6.767

0.875

0.852

15

6.840

0.860

0.854

16

7.810

0.896

0.872

13

7.007

0.826

0.857

12

5.914

0.830

0.831

CSSM66

9

3.740

0.680

0.733

11

4.803

0.860

0.792

13

5.086

0.854

0.803

14

5.084

0.745

0.803

8

3.411

0.688

0.707

ETH10

9

4.655

0.880

0.785

11

5.025

0.900

0.801

6

4.064

0.814

0.754

4

2.673

0.891

0.626

14

7.266

0.894

0.862

ETH225

9

2.231

0.560

0.552

8

2.019

0.500

0.505

10

2.051

0.583

0.512

10

6.258

0.851

0.840

9

4.148

0.708

0.759

ETH3

8

3.541

0.980

0.718

9

3.671

0.860

0.728

14

6.508

0.958

0.846

7

3.899

0.979

0.744

8

3.796

0.979

0.737

HEL09

10

7.529

0.979

0.867

10

6.527

0.900

0.847

10

7.396

0.896

0.865

10

8.000

0.833

0.875

12

8.243

0.766

0.879

HEL5

11

4.361

0.714

0.771

10

5.219

0.857

0.808

13

6.585

1.000

0.848

10

3.901

0.844

0.744

10

6.853

0.756

0.854

ILSTS06

7

3.058

0.500

0.673

8

4.062

0.640

0.754

9

3.298

0.545

0.697

8

4.691

0.619

0.787

9

4.485

0.489

0.777

ILSTS11

5

2.288

0.469

0.563

5

2.600

0.500

0.615

5

3.150

0.558

0.683

4

1.928

0.422

0.481

5

4.212

0.638

0.763

ILSTS34

19

7.444

0.875

0.866

16

6.046

0.760

0.835

15

4.571

0.750

0.781

10

4.054

0.652

0.753

14

6.914

0.851

0.855

ILSTS33

8

3.460

0.714

0.711

7

2.350

0.548

0.575

9

4.150

0.727

0.759

6

2.864

0.531

0.651

8

4.295

0.733

0.767

INRA05

7

4.367

0.640

0.771

8

4.394

0.820

0.772

7

4.509

0.708

0.778

6

4.251

0.581

0.765

7

3.938

0.729

0.746

INRA35

12

5.723

0.755

0.825

8

4.570

0.667

0.781

17

10.301

0.860

0.903

6

3.081

0.621

0.675

8

4.054

0.844

0.753

INRA63

6

2.501

0.520

0.600

5

2.627

0.580

0.619

6

2.781

0.563

0.640

7

3.446

0.837

0.710

7

2.366

0.521

0.577

MM12

11

5.149

0.760

0.806

10

4.146

0.720

0.759

13

4.295

0.729

0.767

15

4.909

0.787

0.796

10

2.841

0.604

0.648

MM8

8

2.737

0.560

0.635

6

2.667

0.680

0.625

8

3.072

0.625

0.674

8

2.703

0.605

0.630

6

2.525

0.583

0.604

TGLA122

14

8.666

0.900

0.885

12

9.728

0.920

0.897

14

9.732

0.791

0.897

13

7.627

0.844

0.869

12

8.925

0.915

0.888

TGLA227

6

1.492

0.380

0.330

8

1.571

0.360

0.363

12

1.831

0.417

0.454

10

1.871

0.302

0.466

11

2.869

0.667

0.651

TGLA53

13

3.408

0.740

0.707

15

2.648

0.640

0.622

14

3.485

0.628

0.713

15

2.557

0.545

0.609

12

3.532

0.681

0.717

Mean

9.476

4.186

0.694

0.705

9.190

4.117

0.709

0.702

10.619

4.745

0.713

0.735

8.905

4.072

0.681

0.706

9.238

4.629

0.721

0.751

S. D.

0.752

0.440

0.038

0.030

0.716

0.436

0.034

0.030

0.824

0.532

0.035

0.027

0.771

0.402

0.040

0.027

0.589

0.421

0.028

0.020

Estimates of observed heterozygosity including all loci and population (0.704 ± 0.016) confirmed the remarkable level of diversity in the studied populations. Among populations, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.681 ± 0.04 to 0.721 ± 0.028 with the lowest value found in Purnea cattle and the highest in Siri cattle. Most of the indigenous breeds including Kherigarh-0.57 (Pandey et al. 2006a), Kenkatha-0.54 (Pandey et al. 2006b), Sahiwal-0.43 (Mukesh et al. 2004) and Deoni-0.59 (Metta et al. 2004) showed lower estimates of observed heterozygosity than local cattle populations and the breeds investigated in present study. Overall heterozygosity estimates were comparable with Tharparkar cattle (0.64, Sodhi et al. 2008), Orissa cattle populations (0.62 to 0.66, Sharma et al. 2012a) of India, Chinese cattle (0.62, Sun et al. 2008) and Creole cattle (0.61, Egito et al. 2007). Purnea cattle represented the lowest observed and effective number of alleles as well as observed and expected heterozygosity. On the other hand Siri cattle presented the highest value of the above said parameters amongst all genetic groups (Table 2). Genetic variation is necessary to allow organisms to adapt to ever changing environments with some of this variation stemming from introduction of new alleles by the random and natural process of mutation. Higher genetic variation in Siri cattle must have contributed to its adaptability and this is reflected in wide-spread distribution of Siri cattle not only in India but also in neighboring country, Bhutan.

Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected heterozygosity in Bachaur, Shahabadi, Purnea and Siri cattle populations, showing departure from HWE and analysis of FIS evidenced some heterozygote deficiency too (Table 3). This disequilibrium was caused by heterozygote deficiency in each population which was highest in Purnea (0.042 ± 0.041) and lowest in Bachaur (0.017 ± 0.030). On the contrary, Gangatiri cattle presented slight heterozygote excess in the population (−0.010 ± 0.022) which was expressed in heterozygosity pattern too (Ho = 0.709 ± 0.034, He = 0.702 ± 0.030) (Table 2). Existence of this population in small geographical region with free grazing of Gangatiri and non-descript animals in a herd could be the likely sources for the sufficient heterozygotes. Positive FIS estimate for Bachaur, Shahabadi, Purnea and Siri indicated either the presence of inbreeding and /or Wahlund effect (presence of population substructure within breed). Since blood samples were collected from different villages, presence of a hidden substructure cannot be ruled out. In fact, animals of the same population but belonging to different villages could derive from genetically different founders. A significant homozygote excess was also observed in other studies on indigenous cattle breeds such as Sahiwal FIS = 0.32 (Mukesh et al. 2004). Most likely inbreeding in these populations is arising from unplanned and unsystematic breeding owing to lack of sufficient number of breeding males required in the breeding region. Moreover instead of local bull semen, exotic (Jersey and Holstein Friesian) or crossbred semen was available in the habitat. This can be one of the causes for dilution of the populations. Together these two factors were resulting in the reduction of true to the breed type animals. Actual picture of Bachaur cattle in its habitat also indicated towards the inbreeding in the population. Very less number of breeding bulls in the habitat of Bachaur cattle has been reported (Singh 2004). Bachaur is a draft purpose breed thus most of the males are used in carrying loads and agricultural operations. These males are castrated at the age of one year leading to their genetic death. Similarly over the last few years the population of Siri cattle has been declining due to extensive cross breeding with the result that Siri animals are now confined only to the remote and inaccessible areas of Sikkim. Thus, few Siri breeding bulls have been left in the habitat which might decrease the effective population size.
Table 3

Heterozygote deficiency (F) of five cattle populations of India

Locus

Bachaur

Gangatiri

Shahabadi

Purnea

Siri

BM1824

0.074

−0.131

0.106

0.284

0.085

CSSM08

0.034

−0.102

0.090

0.007

0.092

CSSM33

−0.027

−0.007

−0.027

0.036

0.001

CSSM66

0.072

−0.086

−0.063

0.073

0.027

ETH10

−0.121

−0.124

−0.080

−0.424

−0.036

ETH225

−0.015

0.010

−0.139

−0.013

0.067

ETH3

−0.366

−0.182

−0.132

−0.316

−0.329

HEL09

−0.129

−0.063

−0.036

0.048

0.128

HEL5

0.073

−0.060

−0.179

−0.135

0.115

ILSTS06

0.257

0.151

0.217

0.213

0.370

ILSTS11

0.166

0.188

0.182

0.123

0.163

ILSTS34

−0.011

0.089

0.040

0.134

0.005

ILSTS33

−0.005

0.047

0.042

0.184

0.044

INRA05

0.170

−0.062

0.090

0.240

0.023

INRA35

0.085

0.147

0.047

0.081

−0.121

INRA63

0.134

0.064

0.122

−0.179

0.098

MM12

0.057

0.051

0.050

0.011

0.068

MM8

0.118

−0.088

0.073

0.040

0.034

TGLA122

−0.017

−0.025

0.119

0.028

−0.030

TGLA227

−0.153

0.009

0.082

0.351

−0.023

TGLA53

−0.047

−0.028

0.119

0.104

0.050

Mean

0.017

−0.010

0.034

0.042

0.040

S. D.

0.030

0.022

0.023

0.041

0.028

Results of F-statistics for each of the 21 loci across populations are presented in Table 4. The global deficit of heterozygotes across populations (FIT) amounted to 7.3% (P < 0.001). An overall significant deficit of heterozygotes (FIS) of 2.6% occurred in the analyzed loci because of inbreeding within populations. All loci except six contributed to heterozygote deficit within populations. The studied populations showed a low but significant genetic differentiation among five populations (FST = 0.048). All loci contributed to the differentiation with the highest values found for ETH25 (19.6%). Genetic differentiation of similar magnitude has been reported among cattle breeds of Orissa and hill cattle of Kumaun (0.044) from India (Sharma et al. 2012a). Much higher FST value have been reported in other indigenous cattle (Sodhi et al. 2011). While, several reports on exotic cattle viz. North European breeds FST =0.107 (McHugh et al. 1998), seven European cattle breeds FST =0.112 (Kantanen et al. 2000) and Swiss cattle FST = 0.090 (Schmid et al. 1999) also depicted higher genetic differentiation than populations investigated in this study. The low value of genetic differentiation in Eastern Indian cattle may be attributed to the lack of high selection pressure as compared to established breeds of India or cattle breeds of developed countries. These results reflect that within-breed genetic variations is more than between-breed and this variation could be a valuable tool for genetic improvement and conservation of cattle populations of eastern India.
Table 4

Global F-statistics and estimates of Nm across five cattle populations

Locus

Fis

Fit

Fst

Nm

BM1824

0.083

0.126

0.047

5.025

CSSM08

0.025

0.094

0.070

3.303

CSSM33

−0.005

0.033

0.037

6.438

CSSM66

0.003

0.014

0.011

21.733

ETH10

−0.144

−0.088

0.049

4.834

ETH225

−0.011

0.188

0.196

1.023

ETH3

−0.261

−0.208

0.042

5.726

HEL09

−0.010

0.017

0.027

9.078

HEL5

−0.036

0.053

0.086

2.648

ILSTS06

0.242

0.256

0.017

14.078

ILSTS11

0.166

0.229

0.075

3.091

ILSTS34

0.049

0.097

0.051

4.697

ILSTS33

0.060

0.119

0.063

3.732

INRA05

0.092

0.098

0.007

36.707

INRA35

0.048

0.159

0.116

1.905

INRA63

0.040

0.056

0.017

14.799

MM12

0.046

0.065

0.019

12.821

MM8

0.036

0.048

0.012

21.263

TGLA122

0.015

0.033

0.018

13.656

TGLA227

0.061

0.084

0.025

9.857

TGLA53

0.040

0.053

0.013

18.427

Mean

0.026

0.073

0.048

10.230

SE

0.022

0.022

0.010

1.922

Pair-wise genetic differentiations quantified by FST estimates identified Bachaur and Gangatiri (0.008) as the closest populations while the most differentiated were Purnea and Siri (0.044) (Table 5). Similar results were obtained with Nei’s genetic distance matrix. The highest genetic distance was found between Purnea and Siri (0.292), while Bachaur and Gangatiri were closest to each other (0.037) (Figure 2). In accordance to these observations highest gene flow was among the Bachaur and Gangatiri (Nm = 32.809) populations and least between Purnea and Siri (Nm = 5.408). Overall Nm value also indicated high rate of genetic flow between the populations (10.230 ± 1.922) (Table 4). Visualization of breed relationship was done by constructing Neighbor joining tree on the basis of Nei’s genetic distance. As expected, the Siri was most distinct and separated first, while remaining populations formed two groups with clustering of Gangatiri and Bachaur on one node and Purnea and Shahabadi on second with more than 95% bootstrap value (Figure 2). This grouping pattern was further supported by PCA analysis. Since phylogenetic reconstruction may not take into account the effects of admixture between breeds, PCA was performed to further investigate possible genetic relationship between recognized breeds and local populations. First three dimension of the PCA (PC1 = 40.35; PC2 = 30.72; PC3 = 22.74) accounted for 93.81% of total variation. In the multivariate space defined by PCA, Bachaur and Gangatiri were much closer. It confirmed distinctiveness of Siri as well as lesser known cattle populations of Purnea, and Shahabadi (Figure 3).
Table 5

Pair wise population matrix of Fst values between analyzed populations

 

Bachaur

Gangatiri

Shahabadi

Purnia

Siri

Bachaur

0.000

    

Gangatiri

0.008

0.000

   

Shahabadi

0.032

0.031

0.000

  

Purnia

0.032

0.033

0.033

0.000

 

Siri

0.027

0.024

0.035

0.044

0.000

Figure 2
Figure 2

Genetic relationship among cattle populations using Nei’s distance. The number in the branch indicates the percentage occurrence in 1000 bootstrap replicates. Table shows Nei’s genetic distance between populations and breeds analyzed.

Figure 3
Figure 3

Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) via Covariance matrix with data standardization.

Among methods not assuming predefined structure, tree-based methods use genetic distance between individuals and tree construction algorithm such as UPGMA or Neighbour-joining to group them in clusters. Similarly, multivariate analyses can help in defining clusters of individuals. However these graphical methods are loosely connected to statistical procedures allowing the identification of homogeneous clusters of individuals. An alternative approach to delineate clusters of individuals on the basis of their genotypes at multiple loci was also performed using a Bayesian approach employed in software STRUCTURE. It works by grouping individuals into clusters (K) such that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is maximized within clusters. Likely value of K which best captured the variation present in the data was four based on modal value of K versus ΔK distribution (Figure 4) following Evano et al. (2005). Siri, Purnea and Shahabadi were grouped in their own clusters. However, Bachaur and Gangatiri animals were intermingled in one cluster (Figure 4). The results are coincident with genetic distance among the populations as divergence was lowest between Bachaur and Gangatiri. It is important to mention that geographically habitat of Gangatiri and Shahabadi are much closer than Bachaur and Gangatiri. Closeness of Bachaur and Gangatiri instead of Gangatiri and Shahabadi may be due to attempt in field to upgrade local populations with the use of semen of exotic (Jersey and Holstein Friesian) and indigenous milch (Hariana, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar) cattle breeds. Secondly the habitat of Gangatiri and Shahabadi are separated by river Ganges, which may act as a geographic barrier. Based on present study Siri cattle appeared to be distinct from all other neighboring breeds and populations of eastern region of India commensurating geographical distance of its habitat resulting in reproductive isolation by distance. As per literature Bhutan is said to be the real home of this breed (Nivsarkar et al. 2000). It was distributed from that area to the various parts of Sikkim and Darjeeling region of West Bengal states. Small cattle with similar black and white markings have been found in Sikong Province of China, which occupies a portion of the Tibetan highlands northeast of Bhutan.
Figure 4
Figure 4

Clustering assignment of 243 animals representing five East Indian cattle populations using STRUCTURE at K = 4 arranged by Q values. Each individual cattle is represented on the graph by a vertical bar divided into K colored segments corresponding to K genetic clusters. The length of each colored segment is proportional to the individual’s membership in the cluster of corresponding colour. Shahabadi (Red), Purnea (Blue) and Siri cattle (Yellow) form separate cluster. Bachaur and Gangatiri (Green) cluster in one group.

Conclusions

It is vital to report that lesser known cattle populations too have high genetic diversity. Unfortunately, animals of these populations are continuously decreasing due to change in agricultural practices as mechanization is fast replacing the traditional practices involving these animals, procedures performed by breeders to increase efficiency (crossing with available exotic or crossbred semen) and apathy of government agencies since these populations are not recognized as distinct breeds. The present study established the uniqueness of two such populations; Purnea and Shahabadi from the recognized cattle breeds of Eastern India. Conservation of genetic variation in these populations should be considered by breeders, in the interest of long term future of the populations in their native tract. To begin with, breed societies need to be created, that will be responsible for registration of these cattle populations as breeds, complete maintenance and improvement of the breed to make it economically sustainable in the transforming agricultural scenario of the country.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial Support provided by Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India for carrying out this study. The assistance and contribution of State Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Sikkim, Government of Bihar and Government of Uttar Pradesh in the collection of blood samples from habitat of local cattle is duly acknowledged.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India

References

  1. BAHS-Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. New Delhi: KrishiBhavan; 2012.Google Scholar
  2. Bataillon TM, David JL, Schoen DJ: Neutral genetic markers and conservation genetics: simulated germplasm collections. Genetics 1996, 144: 409-417.Google Scholar
  3. Buchanan FC, Adams LJ, Littlejohn RP, Maddox JF, Crawford AM: Determination of evolutionary relationships among sheep breeds using microsatellites. Genomics 1994, 22: 397-403. 10.1006/geno.1994.1401View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  4. Dalvit C, De Marchi M, Dal ZR, Zanetti E, Meuwissen T, Cassandro M: Genetic characterization of Burlina cattle breed using microsatellite markers. J Anim Breed Genet 2008, 125: 137-144. 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00707.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  5. Dodgson JB, Cheng HH, Okimoto R: DNA marker technology: a revolution in animal genetics. Poultry Sci 1997, 76: 1108-1114.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  6. Earl DA, vonHoldt BM: STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour 2012, 4(2):359-361. 10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  7. Egito AA, Paiva SR, Albuquerque MM, Mariante AS, Almeida LD, Castro SR, Grattapaglia D: Microsatellite based genetic diversity and relationships among ten Creole and commercial cattle breeds raised in Brazil. BMC Genet 2007, 8: 83. 10.1186/1471-2156-8-83View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J: Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: A simulation study. Mol Ecol 2005, 14: 2611-2620. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  9. FAO: The state of the world’s animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Edited by: Rischkowsky B, Pilling D. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2007.Google Scholar
  10. FAO [Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations]: Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011. Molecular genetic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Productio and Health Guidelines. No. 9. Rome, repost.Google Scholar
  11. Felsenstein J: PHYLIP: phylogeny inference pakage, version 3.5. Seattle, Washington: Department of Genome Sciences, Washington University; 1993.Google Scholar
  12. Joshi BK, Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Mishra BP: Genetic characterization of farm animal genetic resources of India: A review. Indian J of Anim Sci 2012, 82(3):1259-1275.Google Scholar
  13. Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Holm LE, Lien S, Vilkki J, Brusgaard K, Eythorsdottir E, Danell B, Adalsteinsson S: Genetic diversity and population structure of 20 North European cattle breeds. J Hered 2000, 91: 446-457. 10.1093/jhered/91.6.446View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. McHugh DE, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, Bradley DG: Genetic structure of seven European cattle breeds assessed using 20 microsatellite markers. Anim Genet 1998, 28: 333-340.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  15. Metta M, Kanginakudru S, Gudiseva N, Nagaraju J: Genetic characterization of the Indian cattle breeds, Ongole and Deoni ( Bos indicus ), using microsatellite markers – a preliminary study. BMC Genet 2004, 5: 16.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  16. Mukesh M, Sodhi M, Bhatia S, Mishra BP: Genetic diversity of Indian native cattle breeds as analyzed with 20 microsatellite loci. J Anim Breed Genet 2004, 121: 416-424. 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00468.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  17. Nei M: Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York USA: Columbia University Press; 1987.Google Scholar
  18. Nivsarkar AE, Vij PK, Tantia MS: Animal genetic resources of India: Cattle and buffalo. India: ICAR; 2000.Google Scholar
  19. Page RDM: TreeView: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comp App in Biosci 1996, 12: 357-358.Google Scholar
  20. Pandey AK, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B: Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers. J Genet 2006, 85: 117-122. 10.1007/BF02729017View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  21. Pandey AK, Sharma R, Singh Y, Prakash B, Ahlawat SPS: Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Kenkatha cattle by microsatellite markers. Asian–Aust J Anim Sci 2006, 19: 1685-1690.Google Scholar
  22. Peakall R, Smouse PE: A heterogeneity test for fine-scale genetic structure. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2008, 17: 3389-3400. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03839.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  23. Petit RJ, EI Mousadik A, Pons O: Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers. Conserv Biol 1998, 12: 844-855. 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  24. Pritchard J, Stephensa M, Donnelly P: Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 2000, 155: 945-959.Google Scholar
  25. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T: Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbour, NY: Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press; 1989.Google Scholar
  26. Schmid M, Saipveaova N, Gaillard C, Dolf G: Genetic diversity in Swiss cattle breeds. J Anim Breed Genet 1999, 116: 1-8. 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1999.00165.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar
  27. Sharma R, Pandey AK, Singh SCP, Singh Y, Mishra BP, Singh SR, Mandal KG, Singh PK, Singh G, Ahlawat SPS: Diversity assessment of Bachaur cattle from India: A draft breed still revelant in mechanized Era. Korean J Genet 2007, 29: 369-378.Google Scholar
  28. Sharma R, Pandey AK, Singh Y, Prakash B, Mishra BP: Estimation of genetic diversity in Siri cattlefrom India. Russian J Genet 2008, 44(11):1532-1538.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  29. Sharma R, Pandey AK, Singh Y, Prakash B, Mishra BP, Kathiravan P, Singh PK, Singh G: Evaluation of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship among north Indian cattle breeds. Asian–Aust J Anim Sci 2009, 22: 13-19.Google Scholar
  30. Sharma R, Maitra A, Pandey AK: Genetic structure and differentiation of four Indian autochthonous cattle populations. Russian J Genet 2012, 48(6):611-617. 10.1134/S1022795412060129View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  31. Sharma R, Pandey AK, Singh PK, Maitra A, Mukesh M, Singh SR, Singh B: Characterization of Shahabadi cattle of Bihar-Phynotypic and molecular approaches. Indian J Anim Sci 2012, 82(3):318-322.Google Scholar
  32. Sharma R, Singh PK, Maitra A, Pandey AK, Mukesh M, Singh SR, Singh B: Molecular characterization, body parameters and management practices of Purnea cattle. Indian J Anim Sci 2013, 83(5):536-541.Google Scholar
  33. Singh SR: Project report on survey and characterization of Bachaur cattle in Bihar submitted to ICAR. Karnal: New Delhi through NBAGR; 2004.Google Scholar
  34. Singh SR: Conservation of threatened breeds of livestock and poultry. Patna, India: Bihar Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute; 2009.Google Scholar
  35. Singh PK, Gaur GK, Pundir RK, Singh A: Characterization and evaluation of Gangatiri cattle breed in its native tract. Indian J Anim Sci 2007, 77: 66-70.Google Scholar
  36. Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Ahlawat SPS, Sobti RC, Gehlot GC, Mehta SC, Prakash B, Mishra BP: Genetic diversity and structure of two prominent Zebu cattle breeds adapted to the arid region of India inferred from microsatellite polymorphism. Biochem Genet 2008, 46: 124-136. 10.1007/s10528-007-9135-5View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  37. Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Mishra BP, Ahlawat SPS, Prakash B, Sobti RC: Microsatellite analysis of genetic population structure of Zebu cattle ( Bos indicus ) breeds from North-Western region of India. Anim. Biotech 2011, 22: 16-29. 10.1080/10495398.2011.536091View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  38. Sun W, Chen H, Lei C: Genetic variation in eight Chinese cattle breeds based on the analysis of microsatellite markers. Genet Sel Evol 2008, 40: 681-692. 10.1186/1297-9686-40-6-681View ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© Sharma et al.; licensee Springer. 2013

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Advertisement