In this study, articles published in the last ten years have been assessed. The number of published articles in all fields has increased in the recent years in Iran (Habibi et al. 2010; Eskrootchi et al. 2011; Moin et al. 2005; Osareh & Mardefat 2005; Archumbault 2010; Osareh & Wilson 2002). The present study reveals that such an increase is also obvious in the field of nutrition which has been more conspicuous in the last 5 years (Figure 1). This development is attributed to the capability of human resource education, equipment and support by the authorities and scientific managers in research affairs and increase in the number of Farsi scientific journal published towards accomplishing the first to third 5-year plans and also more investment in science production (Moin et al. 2005). Despite this, the increase in scientific publications in the field of nutrition and food only indicates the quantitative increase of scientific activation in this field which is traditionally evaluated by the number of publications which has been answered by this study, but in order to evaluate scientific activity, attention should be paid towards other criteria such as used expenses in research and developing centers, the gross domestic expenditure for research and development to gross domestic product ratio, the number of employed staff in the scientific research department, the population under poverty, the per capita gross domestic product and the budget allocated for research. Many centers and research organizations spend their budget on researches in which new knowledge production and applicability are not the priorities and they develop publications and repeat other countries’ studies. Besides, with the day to day increase in the number of scientific journals in the field of medicine and the emphasis applied by the academic staff and researchers for publishing scientific publications, defining the quality of the published articles becomes an important issue (Habibi et al. 2010; Malekzadeh et al. 2001).
Most of the Farsi publications were original articles and the number of review articles was limited. These findings were congruent with studies performed by Abolghassemi Fakhree et al. and Habibi et al. (2010; Abolghassemi Fakhree & Jouyban 2011). In the review articles, only two systematic reviews were published in Farsi. Based on the fact that systematic reviews are one of the convenient tools for clinical guideline development and policy making in health issues and on the other hand as many of the policy makers, physicians and other medical professionals do not have enough time to update their information, systematic reviews are an appropriate way to reach this objective (Moher & Tricco 2008). It seems that researchers have not yet discovered the importance of these studies and that also policy makers and research planners do not have the enough understanding regarding the significance of review studies.
The researchers showed highest interest towards Farsi publications in clinical nutrition; consequently followed by health and nutrition, foods, nutritional physiology and biochemistry, and finally techniques. In other words, greater interest in research was devoted to the field of medicine (clinical nutrition) and disease control compared to other subjects such as health and nutrition which has the role of prevention and health promotion. The subject of foods in the last years, especially since 2007 has been beyond previously Farsi publications, which may be due to capacity building and having opportunity in the field of nutrition research. This publication rate increase may reflect the change in the consumers’ attitude and their expectation from food due to their insight to the probably positive effect of food in the prevention and control of diseases, the growing awareness towards the relation of food and physiological processes, improvement of food and technology and market progress in expanding new food products related to food research (Hilliam 2012; Kapsak et al. 2011; Stanton et al. 2001).
Ensafi and Gharibi’s study showed that Iranian nutrition publications made a small proportion in science production in the field of medicine (Ensafi & Gharibi 2004). Though, gradually the number of publications has increased in nutrition field owing it to the rise in non communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes which are related to nutrition (Delavari et al. 2005; Nourbala & Mohammad 2001), the role of food in the control and treatment of diseases and community health (Kapsak et al. 2011) and the increase in the number of scientific journals.
Abolghassemi Fakhree et al., Habibi et al., Sanson-Fisher et al. and Bittar et al. have pointed to the fact that methodologically, descriptive studies have been the most used method by Iranian researchers and also studies performed worldwide (Sanson-Fisher et al. 2006; Habibi et al. 2010; Bittar et al. 2011; Abolghassemi Fakhree & Jouyban 2011). The reason is that the idea of such researches are more easily shaped in mind, the stages are performed more quickly and are published more conveniently. In addition, descriptive studies, which may be an analysis of a large data collection, with a higher applicability for the researcher in comparison to a study carried out on the community, are inexpensive and are more possible to reach the wrap-up. Although descriptive studies may for example give valuable information regarding the health pattern and its determining factors, they can not provide direct evidence about the state of change. Sanson-Fisher believed that a high number of descriptive studies is not ideal and research organizations should pay attention to these studies’ findings cautiously in policy making (Sanson-Fisher et al. 2006).
Clinical trial articles have shown an upgoing trend in Farsi journals. Habibi et al. evaluated the scientific products of Islamic countries and have detected that Iran has the second rank after Turkey in clinical trial articles. These types of publications have showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2009 in Islamic countries (Habibi et al. 2010) which are compatible with our study. This growth may be attributed to the researchers’ interest and also the scientific journals’ authorities’ propensity towards publishing such articles. Based on the type of population (patients/community) in trial studies, it may be concluded that community trials carried out on community population have a lower number compared to clinical trials. Although trials are expensive and time-consuming, studying the community instead of the patient results in much higher time consumption and expense and also difficulty in controlling confounding factors. Furthermore, because health decision makers are mostly clinicians, emphasis is placed more on clinical trials (Review HaMRS 1998).
Case–control studies are relatively quick and inexpensive; consequently, leading to higher interest in researchers, but cohort studies are less favored due to being very time-consuming and expensive (Callas 2008).
In our study, the proportion of in vitro studies in nutrition has shown minor decrease in the second five-year period. Despite being second rank after Turkey, Iran is far beyond Turkey in this regard among other Islamic countries (Habibi et al. 2010).
Researchers have propensity towards problem solution instead of problem orientation. This change in direction is valuable only when a link is created between research priorities and researchers leading to choose an appropriate study design and publication type which is applicable when researchers and decision makers collaborate more efficiently. This is easily highlighted by Figure 3. The research map including research priorities is defined by various committed stakeholders in the food and nutrition field. The present study has illuminated the necessity of a protocol based on structure, nutrition database; leadership; participation of stakeholders; and issues related to food and nutrition. We have demonstrated the nutrition database as a reference for the above mentioned research map.
Assessing the trend of publication types, subjects and study designs, we concluded that the articles do not follow coordinated planning and policy making. However there are a few national research plans or policies mentioning some general priorities, the researchers do not follow them. One assumption could be the lack of authorities’ enforcement or special encouragements in related legislations. Furthermore, the articles are not efficient enough to solve nutritional problems in our community properly. Therefore putting a food and nutrition research map as our national program is a priority that should be focused on determinately.