Some symmetric identities for the generalized Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials associated with Hermite polynomials

In 2008, Liu and Wang established various symmetric identities for Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials. In this paper, we extend these identities in a unified and generalized form to families of Hermite–Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials. The procedure followed is that of generating functions. Some relevant connections of the general theory developed here with the results obtained earlier by Pathan and Khan are also pointed out.

Let \(H_n(x,y)\) be denoted by the 2-variable Kampé de Fériet generalization of the Hermite polynomials Bell (1934) and Dattoli et al. (1999) defined as

These polynomials are usually defined by the generating function as

and reduce to the ordinary Hermite polynomials \(H_n(x)\) (see Andrews 1985) when \(y=-1\) and x is replaced by 2x.

The generalized Bernoulli polynomials \(B_{n}^{(\alpha )}(x)\) of order \(\alpha \), \(\alpha \in \mathbb C\), the generalized Euler polynomials \(E_n^{(\alpha )}(x)\) of order \(\alpha \), \(\alpha \in \mathbb C\) and the generalized Genocchi polynomials \(G_n^{(\alpha )}(x)\) of order \(\alpha \), \(\alpha \in \mathbb C\), each of degree n as well as in \(\alpha \) are defined respectively by the following generating functions (see Dere and Simsek 2015, [Erdelyi et al. (1953), vol. 3, p. 253 et seq.], [Luke (1969), Section 2.8] and Luo et al. 2003; Pathan 2012; Pathan and Khan 2014, 2015, 2016; Simsek 2010; Srivastava et al. 2012):

and

It is easy to see that

and

Moreover

For each \(k\in \mathbb N_0\), \( S_k(n) \) defined by

is called the sum of integer powers Tuenter (2001). The exponential generating function for \(S_k(n)\) is given by

For each \(k\in \mathbb N_0\), \( T_k(n)\) defined by

is called the alternating sum. The exponential generating function for \(T_k(n)\) is

The following are some special values

where \( \delta _{(i,j)}\) is the Kronecker delta defined by \(\delta _{(i,j)}=1\) for \( i=j \) and \( \delta _{(i,j)}=0\) for \(i\ne j\).

A close relation of the power sum and the Bernoulli polynomials, also the alternate sum and the Euler polynomials, can be seen in Abramowitz and Stegun [1972, Eq.(23.1.4)] as follows

where n and k are nonnegative integers.

The hyperbolic cotangent and the hyperbolic tangent (Weisstein http://mathworld.wolfram.com) respectively are defined by

and

Therefore

where

Pathan and Khan (2015) introduced the generalized Hermite–Bernoulli polynomials for two variables \({}_HB_n^{(\alpha )}(x,y)\) defined by

which is essentially a generalization of Bernoulli numbers, Bernoulli polynomials, Hermite polynomials and Hermite–Bernoulli polynomials \({_HB}_n(x,y)\) introduced by Dattoli et al. [1999, p. 386 (1.6)] in the form

The purpose of this paper is to give some general symmetry identities for generalized Hermite–Euler, Hermite–Genocchi and mixed type polynomials by using different analytical means on their respective generating functions. These results extend some known identities of Hermite, Bernoulli, Euler, Genocchi and mixed type polynomials studied by Dattoli et al. (1999), Liu and Wang (2009), Pathan (2012) and Pathan and Khan (2014, 2015, 2016).

In this section, we establish general symmetry identities for the generalized Hermite–Euler polynomials \({}_HE_{n}^{(\alpha )}(x,y)\), of order\(\alpha \) and alternate power sum. Throughout this section \(\alpha \) will be taken as an arbitrary real or complex parameter.

Theorem 1

For integers \(n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1,\) if a and b have the same parity, then the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let \(G(t)=:\frac{2^{2{\alpha }-1}(1-(-e^{bt})^a)e^{ab(x+y)t+a^2b^2zt^2}}{(e^{at}+1)^{\alpha }(e^{bt}+1)^{\alpha }}\)

Replacing n by \(n-k\) in the R.H.S. of above equation, we get

Using a similar plan, we get

By comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S of above Eqs. (21) and (22), we arrive at the desired result.

Remark 1

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (1), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3348, (2.1)].

Corollary 1

For integers \( n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1\) and \( b\ge 1 \) , if a and b have the same parity, then the following identity holds true:

Theorem 2

For integers \( n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1\) and \( b\ge 1 \) , if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let \(G(t)=:\frac{2^{2{\alpha }-1}(1-(-e^{bt})^a)e^{ab(x+y)t+a^2b^2zt^2}}{(e^{at}+1)^{\alpha }(e^{bt}+1)^{\alpha }}\)

Replacing n by \(n-k\) in the R.H.S. of above equation, we get

Since G(t) is not symmetric in a and b, thus G(t) can also be expanded as

Using identity (7) and comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (25) and (26), we get the desired result.

Remark 2

For \( z=0\) in Theorem (2), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3349, Theorem (4)].

Corollary 2

For integers \( n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1\) and \( b\ge 1 \) , if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

Theorem 3

For integers \( n\ge 1\) , \(a\ge 1\) and \( b\ge 1\), if a is even and b is odd, then the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let

Another expansion of G(t) is as follows :

Now using Eq. (17) and identity (7) and comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (29) and (30), we arrive at the desired result.

Remark 3

For \( z=0 \) in Theorem (3), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3350, (2.11)].

Corollary 3

For integers \( n\ge 1,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \( b\ge 1\), if a is even and b is odd, then the following identity holds true:

Theorem 4

For integers \(n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1 \) and \( b\ge 1\), if a and b have same parity, then the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let

We expand G(t) as follows :

Replacing n by \(n-k\) in the R.H.S. of above equation, we get

Using a similar plan, we obtain

By comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of last two Eqs. (33) and (34), we arrive at the desired result.

Remark 4

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (4), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, Theorem 2.10].

Corollary 4

For integers \(n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1 \) and \( b\ge 1\), if a and b have same parity, then the following identity holds true:

Theorem 5

For integers \(n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let

In view of definition (1.15), G(t) has the following expansion:

Using identity (7) and comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (33) and (37), we get the result (36).

Remark 5

For \(z =0\) in Theorem (5), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, Theorem (2.13)].

Corollary 5

For integers \(n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

In this section, we derive some symmetry identities for Hermite–Genocchi polynomials \({}_HG_{n}(x,y)\). We now begin the following theorems.

Theorem 6

For integers \(n\ge 0\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a and b have the same parity, then the following identity holds true:

and

Proof

Let

We can expand P(t) as follows

On the other hand

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (42) and (43), yields identity (39).

Now following (41) we expand P(t) as follows:

On the similar lines, we can show that

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (44) and (45), yields identity (40).

Remark 6

For \(y=0\) in Theorem (6) and (7), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3358, (4.2) and (4.3)].

Corollary 6

For integers \(n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a and b have the same parity, then the following identity holds true:

and

Theorem 7

For integers \( n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1 \), if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

and

Proof

Let

We can expand P(t) as follows:

Another expansion of P(t) is

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in Eqs. (43) and (50), we obtain the first identity. Also comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (44) and (51), we obtain the second identity.

Remark 7

For \(y=0\) in Theorem (7), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3358, Theorem (4.4)].

Corollary 7

For integers \( n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1 \), if a is odd and b is even, then the following identity holds true:

and

Theorem 8

For integers \(n\ge 0,\) \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is even and b is odd, then the following identity holds true:

and

Proof

Let

we expand P(t) as follows:

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (42) and (57), we have

Finally using [Liu and Wang (2009), p. 3348, (2.4)], we arrive at the desired result (54).

Now following (56), we expand P(t) as follows:

which on equating the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of Eqs. (44) and (59), gives the result (55).

Remark 8

For \( y=0 \) in Theorem (8), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3359, Theorem (4.6)].

Corollary 8

For integers \(n\ge 0\) , \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is even and b is odd, then the following identity holds true:

and

In this section, we establish some mixed type identities involving the generalized Hermite–Bernoulli and Euler polynomials of order \(\alpha \). Throughout this section \(\alpha \) will be taken as an arbitrary real or complex parameter.

Theorem 9

For integers \(n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is even, then the following identity holds true:

and

Proof

Let

Since a is even, we also have

Comparing coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (65) and (66), yields the first identity (62).

Again, we expand H(t) as follows:

On similar lines, we can expand H(t) as follows:

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S of above Eqs. (67) and (68), we get the result (63).

Remark 9

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (9), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3353, Theorem (3.1)].

Corollary 9

For integers \(n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), if a is even, then the following identity holds true:

and

Theorem 10

For integers \( n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1 \), if a is odd, then the following identity holds true:

and

Proof

Let

We expand H(t) as follows:

Equating the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (65) and (73) and using the identity (7), we obtain the first identity (71).

On the other hand

Equating the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (67) and (74), yields the result (72).

Remark 10

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (10), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3354, Theorem (3.6)].

Corollary 10

For integers \( n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1 \), if a is odd, then the following identity holds true:

and

Theorem 11

For integers \( n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1 \) and \( b\ge 1\) , the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let

On the other hand

Comparing the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S of above Eqs. (78) and (79), yields the desired result.

Remark 11

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (11), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3356, Theorem (3.9)].

Corollary 11

For integers \( n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1 \) and \( b\ge 1\), the following identity holds true:

Theorem 12

For integers \(n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), the following identity holds true:

Proof

Let

Another expansion of H(t) is as follows:

Equating the coefficients of \(\frac{t^n}{n!}\) in the R.H.S. of above Eqs. (82) and (83), yields the desired result.

Remark 12

For \(z=0\) in Theorem (12), the result reduces to known result of Liu and Wang [2009, p. 3356, Theorem (3.11)].

Corollary 12

For integers \(n\ge 1\), \(a\ge 1\) and \(b\ge 1\), the following identity holds true:

The definition and generating function of the generalized Hermite–Bernoulli, Euler and Hermite–Genocchi polynomials plays a major role in obtaining new expansions, identities and representations. We can introduce and study a class of related generalized polynomials by defining Gould-Hopper Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials.

The Eq. (18) may be derived from (85) for \(r = 2\).

This process can easily be extended to establish multi-variable Hermite–Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials and Hermite Apostle type Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials.

The opinions of both the authors are considered in carrying out this work and they together drafted this manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Affiliations

1. Department of Mathematics, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India

   • Waseem A. Khan
   •  & Hiba Haroon

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Waseem A. Khan.

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