Table 1 Common causes of hiccups
Central nervous system | Vascular | Stroke, Infarct, SLE related vascular disorders and aneurysm |
| Â | Infectious | Meningitis and Encephalitis |
| Â | Structural | Brain injury, Intracranial tumors |
| Â | Inflammation | Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis |
|  | Miscellaneous | Seizure, Parkinson’s Syndrome |
Peripheral Nervous System (phrenic, vagal and sympathetic nerves) | Gastrointestinal | Hiatus hernia, Esophageal cancer, Gastro-esophageal reflex disease, stomach volvulus and H.pylori infection, Pancreatitis, Abdominal abscess and Abdominal tumors |
Thoracic | Cardiovascular | Myocardial Ischemia, Pericarditis, Thoracic Aneurysm |
| Â | Pulmonary | Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Asthma, Bronchial carcinoma, Tuberculosis |
Ear, Nose and Throat | Â | Rhinitis, Otitis, Pharyngitis, Foreign body in nose or ear |
Other causes | Toxic metabolic | Electrolyte imbalance, Alcohol, Chronic renal failure, Diabetes mellitus |
| Â | Pharmacological | Steriods, benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, antibiotics, sulfonamides, opioids, cisplatinum (Jatoi 2009), analeptic agent, Methyldopa, l-dopa, Dopamine |
| Â | Psychosomatic | Anxiety, sleep deprivation, stress and fear |