Skip to main content

Prenatal diagnosis of a variant of the azygos venous system

Abstract

Background

The azygos venous system consists of the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos on the left side. The azygos vein runs through the abdominal cavity along the right side of the vertebral bodies, in a cranial direction, passes through the diaphragm and reaches the mediastinum, where it forms the arch of the azygos which flows into the superior vena cava. Along its course, the azygos vein communicates with the intercostal veins on the right, the hemiazygos vein that collects blood from the left lower intercostal veins, and accessory hemiazygos vein that drains into the left upper intercostal veins. The last two, at the level of the seventh thoracic vertebra, unite and end in the azygos vein. The accessory hemiazygos vein is normally included in the length between T4 and T8. The embryological origin of the accessory hemiazygos vein is the result of an expansion in the direction of the cranial hemiazygos vein, which comes from the left upper sovracardinale vein (Dudiak et al. in Semin Roentgenol 24(1):47–55, 1989; Radiographics 11(2):233–246, 1991; Webb et al. in Am J Roentgenol 139(1):157–161, 1982).

Findings

This case report describes a rare variant of azygos vein system identified in prenatal diagnosis and confirmed by postnatal ultrasonography.

Conclusions

The observation of the patient has excluded hemodynamic alterations associated with vascular anomaly.

Findings

Our study has focused on a 27-year-old woman, in first pregnancy at a gestational age of 38 weeks, who has been submitted to fetal echocardiography. During the investigation it has been identified the presence of a vessel with parallel course, rear and left to thoracic aorta (Fig. 2). The prenatal ultrasonography with color Doppler has showed a hemiazygos accessory vein that, from the diaphragmatic dome, joining with the superior intercostal vein, seemed to drain into the venous trunk brachial-cephalic left (Fig. 3). We have assumed it was a rare variant of the azygos vein system: the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins form common channels which drain into the brachiocephalic vein (Fig. 1) (Blackmon and Franco 2011). The accessory hemiazygos vein, also called the superior hemiazygos vein, drains into the superior left hemithorax. In the majority of cases there is a small connection to the left superior intercostal vein, and rarely, 1–2 % of the time, the accessory hemiazygos vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein (Galwa et al. 2007).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Reconstruction of the anatomical variant of azygos vein system identified in this patient: the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins form common channels which drain into the brachiocephalic vein

Fig. 2
figure 2

The prenatal ultrasound shows a vessel with parallel course on the left and posteriorly to the thoracic aorta

Fig. 3
figure 3

The prenatal ultrasound shows the accessory hemiazygos that drain into the left venous trunk brachial-cephalic

We have started a follow-up with prenatal echocardiography. The patient was born by caesarean section at 40 + 4 w.g, weight 3280 g, stature 50 cm, CC 34 cm, Apgar 1′:9, 5′:10. He has had a good adaptation to extrauterine life. Postnatal echocardiography has confirmed the presence of a hemiazygos accessory vein that drains into the left brachial-cephalic trunk (Fig. 4). The ultrasound examination has showed no other anatomical or functional cardiac abnormalities. Through color—Doppler it has been possible to confirm the absence of hemodynamic changes in accordance with following the vascular variant.

Fig. 4
figure 4

The postnatal echocardiography, through color—Doppler, shows the anterograde flow of blood draining in the left brachiocephalic trunk, as reconstructed in anatomical model in Fig. 1

Conclusions

This vascular anomaly has never been detected prenatally. The clinical case we have described is the ideal diagnostic procedure to be followed in a patient with vascular malformation. The prenatal recognition of the vascular anatomy has allowed us to monitor the patient since fetal life and to orient the mode of delivery and assistance at birth. The prenatal ultrasound follow-up has been crucial to monitor the heart function of the fetus, as it has excluded conditions of volume overload and pressure overload of the heart chambers, and to see any other cardiac malformations. We have excluded that this variant of the azygos venous system represents an indication to early cesarean section. Finally, the postnatal ultrasound follow-up has confirmed that this anomaly does not cause hemodynamic vascular changes and does not expose the patient to other cardiovascular complications.

In the management of this case report, it has been very important the collaboration between gynecologists and neonatologists who have accompanied the mother and her unborn child with prudence and expertise providing them with the best care.

Abbreviations

IVC:

inferior vena cava

w.g.:

weeks of gestation

CC:

head circumference

References

  • Blackmon JM, Franco A (2011) Normal variants of the accessory hemiazygos vein. Br J Radiol 84(1003):659–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudiak CM, Olson MC, Posniak HV (1989) Abnormalities of the azygos system: CT evaluation. Semin Roentgenol 24(1):47–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dudiak CM, Olson MC, Posniak HV (1991) CT evaluation of congenital and acquired abnormalities of the azygos system. Radiographics 11(2):233–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galwa RM, Prakash M, Khandelwal N (2007) 16-MDCT depiction of the accessory hemiazygos vein draining into the left brachiocephalic vein. Indian J Radiol Imaging 17:50–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb WR, Gamsu G, Speckman JM, Kaiser JA, Federle MP, Lipton MJ (1982) Computed tomographic demonstration of mediastinal venous anomalies. Am J Roentgenol 139(1):157–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

All authors have personally participated in the research and/or article preparation and have read and approved the final article before submission. VD has promoted the conception and design of the study and has made a major contribution to all steps of manuscript production. CLV, VC and LLV have participated in acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data and to the first draft of the manuscript. GD and RC have contributed to acquisition and interpretation of data and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Informed consent

The patient has given her consent for the inclusion of her personal and medical data in the manuscript. No sponsors supported the paper for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clelia Lo Verso.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lo Verso, C., Cigna, V., Damiani, G. et al. Prenatal diagnosis of a variant of the azygos venous system. SpringerPlus 5, 1334 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2956-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2956-0

Keywords