- Research
- Open Access
Stability and prognostic value of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression in breast cancers treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-695
© Riemenschnitter et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 9 December 2013
Accepted: 10 December 2013
Published: 28 December 2013
Abstract
Background
Expression of transcription-factors as Slug and Sox9 was recently described to determine mammary stem-cell state. Sox10 was previously shown to be present also in breast cancer. Protein overexpression of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 were associated with poor overall survival and with triple-negative phenotype in breast cancer. In this study we tested the stability of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression during chemotherapy and addressed their prognostic role of in neoadjuvant treated primary breast-cancer and their correlation to pathological-response and overall survival.
Methods
We analyzed immunohistochemical expression of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 in tissue microarrays of 96 breast cancers prior to and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Expression was evaluated in invasive tumor cells and in tumor stroma and scored as 0, 1+, 2+ 3+. Expression-profile prior to and after chemotherapy was correlated to overall survival (Kaplan Meier) and with established clinico-pathological parameter.
Results
Sox9, Sox10 and Slug were expressed in 82–96% of the tumor cells prior to chemotherapy. Slug was expressed in 97% of the cases in tumor stroma before therapy. Change in expression-profile after chemotherapy occurred only in Slug expression in tumor-cells (decreased from 82 to 51%, p = 0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). The other markers showed no significant change after chemotherapy. Stromal Sox9 expression (0 to 2+) correlated to better overall survival after chemotherapy (p = 0.004) and reached almost statistical significance prior to chemotherapy (p = 0.065). There was no correlation between Sox9 and hormone-receptor expression. In multivariate-analysis, the stromal Sox9 expression after chemotherapy proved to be an independent and better prognostic marker than hormone-receptor status. Other clinico-pathological parameter (as HER2-status or pathological-stage) showed no correlation to the analyzed markers.
Conclusion
Strong stromal Sox9 expression in breast cancer after chemotherapy was found to bear negative prognostic information and was associated with shortened overall survival. Slug expression was significantly changed (reduced) in samples after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Keywords
Introduction
Prognosis for breast cancer has improved continuously during the last decades but it is still one of the most frequent causes of tumor related death in women in the western world. Possible reasons of breast cancer mortality are tumor dormancy after treatment followed by local, regional or distant recurrence. Several factors as hormone receptors, HER2 status, proliferation fraction predicting outcome in preoperative setting were extensively examined in previous studies (Chen et al.2013; Denkert et al.2010; Lips et al.2013; Payne et al.2008; Teleki et al.2013; van Nes et al.2012; Varga et al.2005; Yoshioka et al.2013). The role of transcription factors (TF) in breast cancer prognosis has been the subject of some previous studies (Ablett et al.2012; Cimino-Mathews et al.2013; Giordano et al.2012; Guo et al.2012; Mego et al.2012). Slug (SNAI2), a transcriptional repressor, is member of the Snail family of zinc finger proteins and capable to act as a master regulator, altering expression of a number of genes including E-cadherin, a transmembrane protein which plays an important role in cell adhesion (Guo et al.2012). The role of Slug in cancer developmental processes has been highlighted in several publications (Markiewicz et al.2012; Mego et al.2012; van Nes et al.2012). It has been discovered that Slug is involved in an early developmental phenomenon known as 'Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition’ or EMT, which results in the acquisition of an invasive, mesenchymal phenotype by epithelial cells. It has been postulated to play an important role in cancer growth and metastases spreading (Guo et al.2012). Slug and Sox9 were shown to induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and their expression consistently defines mammary stem cell state (Guo et al.2012). Sox9 and Sox10 are two of the 20 different human Sox genes that also encode family of transcription factors (Chakravarty et al.2011; Muller et al.2010; Smalley et al.2013; Soady & Smalley2012). In cooperation with Slug, Sox9 can be used to determine the mammary stem cell state (Soady & Smalley2012). Sox9, a nuclear TF, is often localized in cytoplasm of invasive and metastatic breast cancer (Chakravarty et al.2011). It has been seen that patients with elevated Sox9 levels in cytoplasm suffer from faster tumor cell proliferation and significantly shorter overall survival (Chakravarty et al.2011).
Sox10 was described last year to be present in invasive breast cancer especially in triple negative phenotype (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013). Sox9, Sox10 and Slug were shown to be associated with poor overall survival in breast cancer (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013; Guo et al.2012).
In surgical pathology Sox10 - a TF that allows the survival and differentiation of neural crest cells into mature cells - is honored to support the diagnosis of melanoma and nerve sheath tumors (Mohamed et al.2013; Shin et al.2012). Recently Sox10 labeling has been documented in myoepithelial differentiated cells in salivary gland neoplasms and also in metaplastic triple negative breast cancers (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013; Ivanov et al.2013).
The aim of this study was to discover the prognostic role of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 in neoadjuvantly treated breast cancer and the correlation to pathological response and overall survival. Furthermore, we tested stability of these markers during chemotherapy.
Materials and methods
Patient cohort
96 breast cancer patients, diagnosed by tissue core needle or fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and treated with preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy were selected consecutively between 1998 and 2009 out of the archives of the Institute of Surgical pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland. The treatment regimens encompassed different modalities including Herceptin combined with Taxol or 2 to 6 cycles of Fluorouracil- Epirubicin and/or Cyclophosphamid/Epi-docetaxel.
For 64 out of 96 patients, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor blocks from preoperative core biopsies and corresponding postoperative operation specimens were available. Core biopsies prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy without postoperative surgical specimens were available in 17 patients. For 15 patients, postoperative surgical specimens were available without previous core biopsies. Clinico-pathological data and follow up information (2-10 years) on all 96 patients could be retrieved from the pathological and clinical files.
75 tumors were histologically/cytologically diagnosed as an invasive ductal carcinoma (75/96: 78%), 18 cases as invasive lobular carcinoma (18/96: 19%), 2 more were categorized as metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma (2/96: 2%) and 1 case as a small cell carcinoma (1/96: 1%). The age of the patients was ranged between 30 and 74 years; mean age 52 years. Histological grading could be done in 81 cases using the modified Bloom and Richardson score: 38 of 96 carcinomas were poorly differentiated (grade 3), (40%), 42 cases were moderately differentiated (grade 2) (44%) and one case was well differentiated (grade 1) (1%). In 15 cases correct histological grading on the core biopsy was not possible due to the too small amount of tumor tissue.
Surgery was performed as follows: Mastectomy in 60 patients, segmentectomy, in 28 patients. Breast surgery was combined with axillary dissection in all but 5 of these patients. Residual tumor tissue after completing preoperative chemotherapy was determined as recommended in the residual cancer burden guidelines as the percentage of residual tumor cells distributed in the tumor bed area (Symmans et al.2007).
Clinico-pathological parameter of the breast cancer samples in the tissue micro arrays
N = 96 | Prior to chemotherapy | After chemotherapy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor size | cT1 | 1 (1%) | ypT0 | 6 (6%) |
-a | ypT1 | 20 (21%) | ||
-b | -a | 2 | ||
-c | 1 | -b | 11 | |
cT2 | 25 (26%) | -c | 7 | |
cT3 | 22 (23%) | ypT2 | 31 (32%) | |
cT4 | 41 (43%) | ypT3 | 24 (25%) | |
-b | 19 | ypT4 | 7 (7%) | |
-d | 22 | -b | 6 | |
NA | 7 (7%) | -d | 1 | |
No surgery | 8 (9%) | |||
Nodal status | cN0 | 10 (11%) | pN0 | 25 (26%) |
cN1 | 62 (64%) | pN1 | 27 (28%) | |
cN2 | pN2 | 12 (12%) | ||
cN3 | 3 (3%) | pN3 | 14 (15%) | |
no surgery | 8 (9%) | |||
NA | 21 (22%) | NA | 10 (10%) | |
ER status | Positive | 68 (71%) | Positive | 59 (62%) |
Negative | 25 (26%) | Negative | 16 (17%) | |
NA | 3 (3%) | NA | 21 (21%) | |
(ypT0 or no surgery) | ||||
PR status | Positive | 59 (62%) | Positive | 46 (48%) |
Negative | 34 (35%) | Negative | 29 (31%) | |
NA | 3 (3%) | NA | 21 (21%) | |
(ypT0 or no surgery) | ||||
HER2 status | Positive | 28 (29%) | Positive | 18 (19%) |
Negative | 65 (68%) | Negative | 57 (60%) | |
NA | 3 (3%) | NA | 21 (21%) | |
ypT0, no surgery | ||||
The study and the construction of the TMA was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Canton Zürich (KEK- ZH NR: 2009-0065) and also by the Internal Review Board of the Institute of Surgical Pathology.
Detection of hormone receptors (ER/PR) and HER2 status
Estrogen receptors (ER, clone 6F11) and progesterone receptor (PR, clone 1A6) expression was determined using the iVIEW DAB detection kit in Ventana Benchmark (all from Ventana, Basel, Switzerland) immunostainer following heat induced epitope retrieval in CC1 solution. According the current guidelines, at least 1% nuclear positive tumor cells were considered to be positive (Hammond et al.2010).
HER2 status was defined according to the initial and the modified ASCO criteria using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (between 1998-2004 IHC complemented with FISH, between 2004-2009 FISH only methdology).
For immunohistochemistry, the CB11 clone of Anti- Her2 monoclonal antibody (Ventana) was used for automated immunostaining as mentioned above. Scoring was used in agreement with the time current FDA and ASCO/CAP guidelines (Lebeau et al.2001; Wolff et al.2007). Cases with tumor cells of > 10% strong and complete membrane staining were considered 3+, cases with moderate and complete membrane staining tumor cells were defined to be 2+. For FISH, the HER2 gene amplification was tested using the dual color FISH kit of PathVision (Vysis, Abbott AG, Baar, Switzerland) following the manufacturer’s protocol. FISH reactions were evaluated using an Olympus computer guided fluorescence microscope (BX61, Olympus AG, Volketswil, Switzerland). Scoring was done following the time current FDA and ASCO/CUP guidelines: amplified status was diagnosed when ratio (between HER2 gene and chromosome 17) was >2.0 (until 2007) resp. >2.2 (from 2008).
Tissue microarray construction
All cases were re-evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained sections of the FFPE tumors for suitability for the tissue microarray (TMA). Tumor tissues from 81 patients prior to chemotherapy and tumor samples from 79 patients after chemotherapy were arrayed into two TMA blocks using methodology described earlier (Kononen et al.1998; Theurillat et al.2007). Matched tissue samples before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were available for 64 patients. From every patient duplicated cores of tissue samples were arrayed into the cores.
Immunohistochemistry detection Slug, Sox9 and Sox10
Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 were detected using immunohistochemistry on the fully automated Ventana Benchmark autostainer following the manufacturers’ instructions. Following antibodies was used: Slug (Cell Signaling Technology, C19G7, 1:100), Sox9 (Millipore, AB5535, 1:400), Sox10 (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz CA). IHC stains for Slug and Sox9 were homogenous across entire tumor areas.
Expression for all three markers was evaluated in invasive tumor cells and in tumor stroma and scored as 0, 1+, 2+ 3+. Expression profile prior to and after chemotherapy was correlated to overall survival (Kaplan Meier) and with established clinico-pathological parameter.
Statistical analyses
SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical comparisons (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. Spearman rank correlation was used to correlate Slug, Sox9, Sox10 expression and clinic-pathological parameters (stage and grade, hormone receptor status, Her2 status). Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival with evaluation of statistical significance by log rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression method with 95% confidence intervals by including Sox9 and hormone receptor status both of before and after chemotherapy. These parameters did not correlate directly each other. Results were statistically significant at p values of < 0.05. Bonferroni correction was not applied.
Results
Sox9, Sox10 and Slug expression before and after neoadjuvant treatment and stability of expression profile during chemotherapy
Sox9: Before treatment 87% (73 of 84 cases) of the tumors cells were Sox9 positive. 23% (19 of 84 cases) showed expression of Sox9 in the stroma. After chemotherapy there were 88% (72 of 82 cases) tumors with Sox9 expression in the tumor cells and 21% (19 of 84 cases cases) with expression in the tumor stroma.
Sox10 was positive in 94% of the cases (79 of 94 cases) in the tumor cells before chemotherapy and 91% (75 of 82 cases) after treatment. There was no positivity in stroma with Sox10.
Sox9 and Sox10 showed no significant change in expression profile after treatment and remained stable stable during chemotherapy.
Slug was expressed in 82% of the tumor cells (69 of 84) and in 97% of the cases (81 of 84) in the tumor stroma prior to chemotherapy. Slug showed relevant changes after chemotherapy: 51% of the cases (42 of 82) were Slug positive in the tumor cells. 74 of 82 cases were positive for Slug in the stroma (90%). Strong (score 3) positivity in stroma decreased form 57% (48 of 84) to 3% (3 of 82).
Distribution of marker expression in tumor and stroma, distinguishing between 4 different expression groups such as 0 = no expression, 1+ low expression, 2+ intermediate expression, 3+ strong expression
n = 84 | SOX9 | SOX9 | SLUG | SLUG | SOX10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(pre) | Tumor | Stroma | Tumor | Stroma | Tumor |
pre 0 | 11 | 65 | 15 | 3 | 5 |
(13%) | (77%) | (18%) | (3%) | (6%) | |
pre 1+ | 15 | 8 | 35 | 8 | 15 |
(18%) | (10%) | (41%) | (10%) | (18%) | |
pre 2+ | 35 | 7 | 30 | 25 | 32 |
(41%) | (8%) | (36%) | (30%) | (38%) | |
pre 3+ | 23 | 4 | 4 | 48 | 32 |
(28%) | (5%) | (5%) | (57%) | (38%) | |
n = 82 | |||||
(post) | |||||
post 0 | 10 | 65 | 40 | 8 | 7 |
(12%) | (79%) | (49%) | (10%) | (55) | |
post 1+ | 22 | 14 | 24 | 27 | 22 |
(26%) | (17%) | (29%) | (33%) | (26%) | |
post 2+ | 35 | 3 | 18 | 44 | 27 |
(42%) | (3%) | (22%) | (54%) | (33%) | |
post 3+ | 17 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 28 |
(20%) | (1%) | (0%) | (3%) | (34%) |
The presence of Sox9, Sox10 and Slug in tumor and stroma was compared before and after treatment in our collectiv of breast cancer patients. They are grouped in 4 categories of marker expression, to be specific: no expression = 0,low expression = 1+, moderate expression = 2+, high expression = 3+.
Immunohistochemical expression of Sox9 and Slug in tissue microarrays showed in tumor compared to the expression in stroma.
Statistical analysis
Correlation of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression to overall survival (OS)
Sox9, Sox10 and Slug prior to and after chemotherapy were correlated with overall survival (Kaplan-Meier). Only the stromal Sox9 expression prior to and after chemotherapy showed correlation with OS Cases with 0, 1+, 2+ expression of stromal Sox9 pre-chemotherapy had a nearly significant better overall survival than those of 3+ (p=0.065).
Correlation of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression to ER/PR and HER2 status
ER and PR status prior to and after chemotherapy showed correlation with overall survival (pER-pre=0.025; pER-post=0.044; pPR-pre=0.045; pPR-post=0.067). ER and PR status did not show correlation with Sox9 (chi square). ER and PR expression showed positive correlation with each other (p=0.002). Hormone receptor status and stromal Sox9 prior to and after chemotherapy were involved separately in the multivariate analysis (Cox regression). HER2 status did not correlate with overall survival in this cohort, so it was ignored from multivariate analysis.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of hormone receptor status and stromal Sox9 expression before and after chemotherapy
Parameters | P-value | HR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
ERpre | 0.052 | 3.139 | 0.988 | 9.969 |
Sox9pre stroma | 0.063 | 0.234 | 0.050 | 1.081 |
PRpre | 0.015 | 0.227 | 0.069 | 0.746 |
Sox9pre stroma | 0.029 | 0.169 | 0.034 | 0.834 |
ERpost | 0.077 | 2.796 | 0.893 | 8.753 |
Sox9post stroma | 0.006 | 0.037 | 0.004 | 0.384 |
PRpost | 0.223 | 2.062 | 0.644 | 6.609 |
Sox9post stroma | 0.034 | 0.082 | 0.008 | 0.833 |
Kaplan Meier curves in stromal SOX9 expression. A: Cumulative survival in months of Sox9 expression prior to chemotherapy was compared to high expression (3+) und moderate/ no expression (0, 1+, 2+), log-rank P = 0.065. B: Post-chemotherapy survival in months, P = 0.004.
Change in Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression profile prior to and after chemotherapy
Slug stromal expression (score 3) showed highly significant changes after chemotherapy (dropped from 57% to 3%), p = 0.0001 (Fishers’ exact test).
Lack of Slug expression in the tumor cells became more frequent after chemotherapy and proved also significant (increased from 18% to 49%), p = 0.0029 (Fishers’ exact test).
There was no relevant or significant change in the expression profile of Sox9 and Sox10 after chemotherapy.
Discussion
In our study we analyzed the prognostic role and stability of transcription factors as Sox9, Sox10 and Slug in a cohort of preoperative chemotherapeutically treated breast cancers. We could show in this cohort that strong stromal Slug expression was instable during chemotherapy and postoperative stromal Sox9 expression was significantly associated with shortened overall survival.
We are not aware of any studies in the literature, showing association between these transcription factors and prognosis in a preoperative treated breast cancer cohort. In the last two years different studies addressed to the Sox genes (Chakravarty et al.2011; Muller et al.2010; Soady & Smalley2012). It was demonstrated that these genes play an important role in cancer development as well. Differentiated mammary luminal cells expressing both Sox9 and Slug, an EMT-associated transcription factor, were able to activate an endogenous autoregulatory network in adult stem cells and reconstitute an entire mammary gland (Guo et al.2012). Meanwhile, showing stem cell characteristics such as self-renewal and multi- potency, Sox10 is one of the most studied Sox family genes, mainly because of their role in the survival of neural crest cells and compilation into neural-crest-derived melanocytes and glia (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013; Ivanov et al.2013). Invasive breast carcinomas, especially those with triple negative hormone expression and metastases seem to be supportive for myoepithelial differentiation (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013; Ivanov et al.2013). Expression of Sox9, Sox10 and Slug was seen in 82-96% of the tumor cells prior to chemotherapy in our study, further supporting the fact that the transcription factors are highly active in the breast cancer tissue.
It was described in a recent work of A. Cimino-Mathews et al., that Sox10 is also expressed in breast carcinomas, mainly in triple negative cases, changing the previous view on Sox10 being exclusively expressed by melanocytic lesions (Cimino-Mathews et al.2013).
Our cohort is a mainly hormone receptor dominated tumor collection. Interestingly, Sox10 was detected in a high percentage of tumor samples (up to 91-94%). The high expression of Sox10 might represent a rather unspecific staining property of unknown biological significance as staining intensity did not have any prognostic impact in this patients’ cohort. Moreover, Sox10 remained stable during chemotherapy showing neither correlation to overall survival nor to response to chemotherapy. This is most likely due to the fact that hormone receptor positive carcinomas of the breast, as was the case in our study, can benefit from different therapeutic options than triple negative or basal like cancers. Further prognostic role of Sox10 in breast cancer, needs to be addressed in future studies.
Co-expression of Slug and Sox9 in breast cancer was found to correlate with rapid tumor growth and metastasis spreading in a study earlier (Guo et al.2012). In other studies, the high expression of Sox9 was found to be associated with higher histological grade and/or triple negative phenotype and thus considered as prognostic marker in adjuvant oncological settings (Chakravarty et al.2011). In our cohort of neoadjuvantly treated breast cancers, strong Sox9 expression (score 3) in tumor stroma significantly correlated with shortened overall survival after completion of preoperative chemotherapy, further supporting the hypothesis described by Guo et al (Guo et al.2012). The lack of correlation between weaker Sox9 scores and survival can be most likely explained by the fact that our cohort included mainly hormone receptor positive cases. Strong stromal Sox9 expression may be potentially used as a prognostic marker additionally to conventional prognostic parameter when assessing residual tumor burden and response after chemotherapy.
As to expression of Slug, we could show a drastic drop in the stromal Slug (score 3) expression after chemotherapy. Furthermore, we detected significantly more tumors lacking Slug expression in the tumor cell postoperatively. As Slug expression could not be correlated to any known prognostic factors in our cohort, the biological relevance of this phenomenon remains unclear at the moment.
The correlation of Sox9, Sox10 and Slug to other classical clinico-pathological parameters as hormone receptors, HER2 and proliferation index could confirm that Sox9 is an independent negative prognostic factor. This finding may be used as additional information on overall survival and therapy response in neoadjuvant treatment setting.
In summary, our study shows, that strong stromal SOX9 expression in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy bears negative prognostic information and is associated with shortened overall survival. The biological relevance of change in phenotype change resp. in expression profile of Slug, both in stroma and tumor cells, needs to be addressed in further studies.
Declarations
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Ablett MP, Singh JK, Clarke RB: Stem cells in breast tumours: are they ready for the clinic? Eur J Cancer 2012, 48: 2104-2116. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.019S0959-8049(12)00303-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.019View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chakravarty G, Moroz K, Makridakis NM, Lloyd SA, Galvez SE, Canavello PR, Lacey MR, Agrawal K, Mondal D: Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic SOX9 in invasive ductal carcinoma and metastatic breast cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011, 236: 145-155. doi:10.1258/ebm.2010.010086236/2/145 [pii] 10.1258/ebm.2010.010086View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Chen JH, Pan WF, Kao J, Lu J, Chen LK, Kuo CC, Chang CK, Chen WP, McLaren CE, Bahri S, Mehta RS, Su MY: Effect of taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy on fibroglandular tissue volume and percent breast density in the contralateral normal breast evaluated by 3T MR. NMR Biomed 2013, 26: 1705-1713. doi:10.1002/nbm.3006 10.1002/nbm.3006View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Cimino-Mathews A, Subhawong AP, Elwood H, Warzecha HN, Sharma R, Park BH, Taube JM, Illei PB, Argani P: Neural crest transcription factor Sox10 is preferentially expressed in triple-negative and metaplastic breast carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2013, 44: 959-965. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.09.005S0046-8177(12)00333-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.09.005View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Denkert C, Loibl S, Noske A, Roller M, Muller BM, Komor M, Budczies J, Darb-Esfahani S, Kronenwett R, Hanusch C, von Torne C, Weichert W, Engels K, Solbach C, Schrader I, Dietel M, von Minckwitz G: Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28: 105-113. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370JCO.2009.23.7370 [pii] 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Giordano A, Gao H, Anfossi S, Cohen E, Mego M, Lee BN, Tin S, De Laurentiis M, Parker CA, Alvarez RH, Valero V, Ueno NT, De Placido S, Mani SA, Esteva FJ, Cristofanilli M, Reuben JM: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012, 11: 2526-2534. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0460 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0460View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Guo W, Keckesova Z, Donaher JL, Shibue T, Tischler V, Reinhardt F, Itzkovitz S, Noske A, Zurrer-Hardi U, Bell G, Tam WL, Mani SA, van Oudenaarden A, Weinberg RA: Slug and Sox9 cooperatively determine the mammary stem cell state. Cell 2012, 148: 1015-1028. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.008S0092-8674(12)00165-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.008View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, Allred DC, Hagerty KL, Badve S, Fitzgibbons PL, Francis G, Goldstein NS, Hayes M, Hicks DG, Lester S, Love R, Mangu PB, McShane L, Miller K, Osborne CK, Paik S, Perlmutter J, Rhodes A, Sasano H, Schwartz JN, Sweep FC, Taube S, Torlakovic EE, Valenstein P, Viale G, Visscher D, Wheeler T, Williams RB: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28: 2784-2795. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6529JCO.2009.25.6529 [pii] 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6529View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ivanov SV, Panaccione A, Nonaka D, Prasad ML, Boyd KL, Brown B, Guo Y, Sewell A, Yarbrough WG: Diagnostic SOX10 gene signatures in salivary adenoid cystic and breast basal-like carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2013, 109: 444-451. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.326bjc2013326 [pii] 10.1038/bjc.2013.326View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Kallioniemi A, Barlund M, Schraml P, Leighton S, Torhorst J, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP: Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 1998, 4: 844-847. 10.1038/nm0798-844View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lebeau A, Deimling D, Kaltz C, Sendelhofert A, Iff A, Luthardt B, Untch M, Lohrs U: Her-2/neu analysis in archival tissue samples of human breast cancer: comparison of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19: 354-363.Google Scholar
- Lips EH, Mulder L, de Ronde JJ, Mandjes IA, Koolen BB, Wessels LF, Rodenhuis S, Wesseling J: Breast cancer subtyping by immunohistochemistry and histological grade outperforms breast cancer intrinsic subtypes in predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy response. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013, 140: 63-71. doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2620-0 10.1007/s10549-013-2620-0View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Markiewicz A, Ahrends T, Welnicka-Jaskiewicz M, Seroczynska B, Skokowski J, Jaskiewicz J, Szade J, Biernat W, Zaczek AJ: Expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related markers in lymph node metastases as a surrogate for primary tumor metastatic potential in breast cancer. J Transl Med 2012, 10: 226. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-10-2261479-5876-10-226 [pii] 10.1186/1479-5876-10-226View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mego M, Mani SA, Lee BN, Li C, Evans KW, Cohen EN, Gao H, Jackson SA, Giordano A, Hortobagyi GN, Cristofanilli M, Lucci A, Reuben JM: Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factors in primary breast cancer: the effect of neoadjuvant therapy. Int J Cancer 2012, 130: 808-816. doi:10.1002/ijc.26037 10.1002/ijc.26037View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mohamed A, Gonzalez RS, Lawson D, Wang J, Cohen C: SOX10 expression in malignant melanoma, carcinoma, and normal tissues. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013, 21: 506-510. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e318279bc0aView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Muller P, Crofts JD, Newman BS, Bridgewater LC, Lin CY, Gustafsson JA, Strom A: SOX9 mediates the retinoic acid-induced HES-1 gene expression in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010, 120: 317-326. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0381-6 10.1007/s10549-009-0381-6View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Payne SJ, Bowen RL, Jones JL, Wells CA: Predictive markers in breast cancer–the present. Histopathology 2008, 52: 82-90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02897.xHIS2897 [pii]View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Shin J, Vincent JG, Cuda JD, Xu H, Kang S, Kim J, Taube JM: Sox10 is expressed in primary melanocytic neoplasms of various histologies but not in fibrohistiocytic proliferations and histiocytoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012, 67: 717-726. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.035S0190-9622(12)00013-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.035View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Smalley M, Piggott L, Clarkson R: Breast cancer stem cells: obstacles to therapy. Cancer Lett 2013, 338: 57-62. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.023S0304-3835(12)00271-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.023View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Soady K, Smalley MJ: Slugging their way to immortality: driving mammary epithelial cells into a stem cell-like state. Breast Cancer Res 2012, 14: 319. doi:bcr3188 [pii]10.1186/bcr3188 10.1186/bcr3188View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Symmans WF, Peintinger F, Hatzis C, Rajan R, Kuerer H, Valero V, Assad L, Poniecka A, Hennessy B, Green M, Buzdar AU, Singletary SE, Hortobagyi GN, Pusztai L: Measurement of residual breast cancer burden to predict survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25: 4414-4422. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.10.6823 10.1200/JCO.2007.10.6823View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Teleki I, Krenacs T, Szasz MA, Kulka J, Wichmann B, Leo C, Papassotiropoulos B, Riemenschnitter C, Moch H, Varga Z: The potential prognostic value of connexin 26 and 46 expression in neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2013, 13: 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-50 10.1186/1471-2407-13-50View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Theurillat JP, Zurrer-Hardi U, Varga Z, Storz M, Probst-Hensch NM, Seifert B, Fehr MK, Fink D, Ferrone S, Pestalozzi B, Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Jager D, Knuth A, Moch H: NY-BR-1 protein expression in breast carcinoma: a mammary gland differentiation antigen as target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007, 56: 1723-1731. doi:10.1007/s00262-007-0316-1 10.1007/s00262-007-0316-1View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- van Nes JG, de Kruijf EM, Putter H, Faratian D, Munro A, Campbell F, Smit VT, Liefers GJ, Kuppen PJ, van de Velde CJ, Bartlett JM: Co-expression of SNAIL and TWIST determines prognosis in estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012, 133: 49-59. doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1684-y 10.1007/s10549-011-1684-yView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Varga Z, Caduff R, Pestalozzi B: Stability of the HER2 gene after primary chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2005, 446: 136-141. doi:10.1007/s00428-004-1164-4 10.1007/s00428-004-1164-4View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Schwartz JN, Hagerty KL, Allred DC, Cote RJ, Dowsett M, Fitzgibbons PL, Hanna WM, Langer A, McShane LM, Paik S, Pegram MD, Perez EA, Press MF, Rhodes A, Sturgeon C, Taube SE, Tubbs R, Vance GH, van de Vijver M, Wheeler TM, Hayes DF: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007, 131: 18-43. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[18:ASOCCO]2.0.CO;2Google Scholar
- Yoshioka T, Hosoda M, Yamamoto M, Taguchi K, Hatanaka KC, Takakuwa E, Hatanaka Y, Matsuno Y, Yamashita H: Prognostic significance of pathologic complete response and Ki67 expression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2013. doi:10.1007/s12282-013-0474-2Google Scholar
Copyright
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
