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New 5-adic Cantor sets and fractal string

SpringerPlus20132:654

https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-654

©  Kumar et al.; licensee Springer. 2013

  • Received: 1 October 2013
  • Accepted: 22 November 2013
  • Published:

Abstract

In the year (1879–1884), George Cantor coined few problems and consequences in the field of set theory. One of them was the Cantor ternary set as a classical example of fractals. In this paper, 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set as an example of fractal string have been introduced. Moreover, the applications of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set in string theory have also been studied.

  • Cantor one-fifth set
  • p-adic integers
  • 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set
  • Iterated function system (IFS)
  • Fractal string
  • 26A30
  • 28A80
  • 11E20
  • 26E30
  • 28E30
  • 26A80
  • 28A12

Introduction

During the late eighteenth century, mathematicians delighted in producing sets with ever more weird properties, many of them now recognized to be fractal in nature (Crilly et al.). George Cantor (1879–1884) wrote a series of papers entitled “Uber unendliche lineare punktmannichfaltigkeiten” (Cantor 1879; 1880; 1882; 1883a; 1883b; 1884) that contained the first systematic treatment of the point set topology of real line, in which he triggered some problems and consequences in the field of set theory. One of these is the classical Cantor set problem devised by Cantor in the footnote to a statement saying that perfect sets do not need to be everywhere dense (Fleron 1994). In last two decades, Devil’s and other researchers established the graphical representation of Cantor sets in the form of staircases (Horiguchi and Morita 1984a; 1984b; Rani and Prasad 2010).

Middle one-third, a classical Cantor set found a celebrated place in the mathematical analysis and in its applications (Hutchinson 1981; Mendes 1999; Shaver 2010). For a fundamental work on Cantor set and its applications, one may refer to (Peitgen et al. 2004), (Devaney 1992), (Beardon 1965), (Falconer 1985), (Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen 2006), (Gutfraind et al. 1990) and (Lee 1998). In recent years, p-adic analysis has been used in various areas of mathematics as well as in aspects of quantum physics and string theory (Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen 2006). For a detailed analysis of fractal string and p-adic integers, one may refer to (Chistyakov 1996; Hung 2007; Koblitz 1984; Robert 2000; Schikhof 1984; Vladimirov et al. 1994).

Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen (2000; 2006) introduced the concept of fractal string and established the geometric zeta function, zeros of zeta function, spectra of fractal string and the complex dimension of the fractal string. In 2008, (Lapidus 2008) suggested that fractal string and their quantization may be related to aspects of string theory. In last few decades, M. L. Lapidus, jointly with other researchers generalized and introduced the various properties of fractal string (see (Edgar 2008; Lapidus 1992; Lapidus and Maier 1995; Lapidus and Pearse 2006; 2008; Lapidus and Pomerance 1993)).

In 2008, (Lapidus and Hung 2008; 2009) provided a framework for unifying the archimedean and p-adic (nonarchimedean) fractal string with their geometric zeta functions and complex dimensions for 3-adic Cantor sets and also the general case for p-adic Cantor sets respectively. Recently, (Ashish, Mamta Rani and Renu Chugh, Variants of Cantor Sets Using IFS, submitted and Ashish, Mamta Rani and Renu Chugh, Study of Variants of Cantor sets., submitted) studied the variants of Cantor sets and established their mathematical analysis using mathematical feedback system and iterated function system respectively.

Our goal in this paper is to study the Cantor one-fifth set as a new classical example of fractal string. Moreover, the non-archimedean (5-adic) Cantor one-fifth set with their applications in string theory has also been established. In the third section, the main results of our study have been presented, followed by the “Concluding remarks” section.

Preliminaries

In this section, we recall some basic definitions pertaining to the notion of (ordinary) fractal string and introduce several new ones such as the most important of which are quinary expansion and Cantor one-fifth set:

Definition 2.1. Cantor one-fifth set

The Cantor one-fifth set for unequal intervals is defined as the F = ∩ Fn+1, where Fn+1 is constructed by dividing F n in five unequal line segments and removing second and fourth one-fifth line segment, F0 being the closed interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (Ashish, Mamta Rani and Renu Chugh, Variants of Cantor Sets Using IFS, submitted).

Definition 2.2. Quinary expansion

The sequence 0.x1x2x3x4x5…, where each x i is either 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 is called quinary expansion of x if x = x1/5 + x2/52 + x3/53 + ....

For example, the sequence 0.04444… is the quinary expansion of 1/5 since we have
0 5 + 4 5 2 + 4 5 3 + 4 5 4 + 4 5 5 + 4 5 6 + ...... = 4 5 2 ∑ i = 0 ∞ 1 5 i = 1 5

Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen (2000) and (2006), introduced the concept of fractal strings as follows:

Definition 2.3. Fractal string

A fractal string Ω is a bounded open subset of the real line R. The collection of lengths ℓ j of the disjoint intervals is denoted by L.

For example, the complement of the Cantor set in the closed unit interval [0, 1] is a Cantor string. Moreover, the topological boundary of Cantor string is the Cantor set C itself.

Definition 2.4. Geometric zeta function

The geometric zeta function of a fractal string Ω with lengths L is
ς L s = ∑ k = 1 ∞ m k ℓ k s

where ℓ1, ℓ2, …, ℓ k are the lengths of open intervals and m k be the corresponding multiplicity of open intervals (Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen 2000).

For example, Cantor string consists of intervals of lengths ℓ1 = (l1 = 1/3), ℓ2 = (l2 = l3 = 1/9), ℓ3 = (l4 = l5 = l6 = l7 = 1/27), and so on, that is, the lengths are the numbers 3-k-1 with multiplicity m 3 - k - 1 = 2 k for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, …. . So, the geometric zeta function is:
ς L s = ∑ k = 0 ∞ m k ℓ k s = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 2 k .3 - k - 1 s = 3 - s 1 - 2.3 - s for Re s > D

where D = log2/log3 is the dimension of usual Cantor set.

Recently, (Ashish, Mamta Rani and Renu Chugh, Variants of Cantor Sets Using IFS, submitted), established the self-similarity of the Cantor one-fifth set using the iteration function system as follows:

Theorem 2.1

Let f1, f2 and f3 be the similarity contraction mappings on ℝ defined by
f 1 x = x / 5 , f 2 x = ( x + 2 ) / 5 , f 3 x = ( x + 4 ) / 5 ,
where all the mappings have the ratio 1/5. Then, the Cantor one-fifth set F satisfies the self-referential equation
F = f 1 F ∪ f 2 F ∪ f 3 F

for the iterated function system (f1, f2, f3).

Main results

5-adic (nonarchimedean) Cantor one-fifth set

A sequence (s i )i ∈ ℕ of natural numbers between 0 and p-1 (inclusive) is a p-adic integer. We write this conventionally as .....s i .....s2 s1 s0. If ‘n’ is any natural number, and
n = s k - 1 s k - 2 .... s 1 s 0
is its p-adic representation (in other words, n = ∑ i = 0 k - 1 s i p i with each s i is a p-adic digit), then we identify ‘n’ with the p-adic integer (s i ) with s i  = 0 if i ≥ k (Madore 2000). Further, the set of p-adic integers, which we call ℤ p with two binary operations on it (addition and multiplication) is a ring. The relation between the set (ring) ℤ p of p-adic integers and the set (field) ℚ p of p-adic numbers is the same as between the set (ring) ℤ of integers and the set (field) ℚ of rationals (Madore 2000). Since, ℤ p is an important subspace of ℚ p , it can be represented as follows:
ℤ p = { s 0 + s 1 p 1 + s 2 p 2 + … ; s i ∈ 0 , 1 , 2 , … , p - 1 , for all i ≥ 0 }
For this p-adic expansion, we can also write
ℤ p = ∪ c = 0 p - 1 c + p ℤ p ,

where c + pℤ p  = {y ∈ ℚ p  : |y - c| p  ≤ 1/p} (Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen 2006) It is also known that there are topological models of ℤ p in the Euclidean space ℝ d as fractal spaces such as the Cantor set and the Sierpinsky gasket (Robert 2000), where ℤ p is homeomorphic to the ternary Cantor set. Now, we consider the ring of 5-adic integers ℤ5, that is, homeomorphic to Cantor one-fifth set.

Figure 1 below shows the representation of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set ‘N’. To start the construction, initiator N0 = ℤ5 is subdivided into five equal subintervals 0 + 5ℤ5, 1 + 5ℤ5, 2 + 5ℤ5, 3 + 5ℤ5 and 4 + 5ℤ5. Drop the subintervals 1 + 5ℤ5 and 3 + 5ℤ5 and repeat the same process for the remaining subintervals. Further, repeating the same process over and over again, by removing the open subintervals of second and fourth position at each step from each closed interval, we obtain a sequence N k for k = 1, 2, . . . The 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set (see Figure 1) N k consists of 3 k disjoint closed intervals. Thus, the 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set would be the limit ‘N’ of the sequence N k of sets. So, we define limit ‘N’ as the intersection of the sets N k i.e.
N = ∩ k ∈ ℕ N k .
Figure 1
Figure 1

5-adic (nonarchimedean) Cantor one-fifth set.

Theorem 3.1

Let f1, f2 and f3 be the similarity contraction mappings on 5-adic integer ℤ5 defined by
f 1 x = 5 x , f 2 x = 5 x + 2 , f 3 x = 5 x + 4 ,
(1)
with scaling ratio 1/5. Then, the 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set N satisfies the self-referential equation
N = f 1 N ∪ f 2 N ∪ f 3 N .
(2)
Proof: Using above construction of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set, we can say that
N k + 1 = f 1 N k ∪ f 2 N k ∪ f 3 N k

for all k ≥ 1. Since, the mapping f j for j = 1, 2, 3 is one-to-one and N = ∩ N k , then it implies that

f j [N] = f j [ ∩ N k ] = ∩ f j [N k ], for k = 1, 2, ….

so that, we can write f1[N] = ∩ f1[N k ], f2[N] = ∩ f2[N k ]and f3[N] = ∩ f3[N k ],

therefore, f1[N] ∪ f2[N] ∪ f3[N] = ( ∩ f1[N k ]) ∪ ( ∩ f2[N k ]) ∪ ( ∩ f3[N k ])
f 1 N ∪ f 2 N ∪ f 3 N = ∩ f 1 N k ∪ f 2 N k ∪ f 3 N k
f 1 N ∪ f 2 N ∪ f 3 N = ∩ N k + 1 = N
f 1 N ∪ f 2 N ∪ f 3 N = N

which gives the proof of the theorem.

Figure 2 shows the graphical representation of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set using iterated function system (f1, f2, f3).
Figure 2
Figure 2

5-adic Cantor one-fifth set using IFS.

Quinary expansion of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set

Theorem 3.2

The 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set is represented by the quinary expansion of its elements in the form
N = x ∈ ℤ 5 : x = x 0 + 5 1 x 1 + 5 2 x 2 + … , x j ∈ 0 , 2 , 4
(3)

for all j = 0, 1, 2, .....

Proof: Let us define the inverse of similarity contraction mappings f1, f2 and f3, on ℤ5 as follows:
f 1 - 1 x = x / 5 , f 2 - 1 x = ( x - 2 ) / 5 , f 3 - 1 x = ( x - 4 ) / 5 ,
(4)
Now, for x j ∊ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, for all j ≥ 0, either
x = x 0 + 5 1 x 1 + 5 2 x 2 + … , ∈ 1 + 5 ℤ 5 or 3 + 5 ℤ 5 ,
(5)
if and only if either x0 = 1 or x0 = 3, respectively. Let η, μ ∈ ℕ be the fixed subscript numbers such that x η  = 1and x μ  = 3. Thus, x j  = 0, 2 or 4, for all j > η and all j > μ. Since, we have divided the real line into five equal line segments denoted by 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Thus, if x0 = 0, then we use the function f1-1 for all x ∊ N, if x0 = 2, then use the function f2-1 for all x ∊ N and if x0 = 4, then use the function f3-1 for all x ∊ N. Thus, from these three cases, we obtain
f 1 - 1 x = f 2 - 1 ( x ) = f 3 - 1 ( x ) = x 1 + 5 1 x 2 + … , + 5 η - 1 x η + 5 η x η + 1 + … , f 1 - 1 x = f 2 - 1 ( x ) = f 3 - 1 ( x ) = x 1 + 5 1 x 2 + … , + 5 μ - 1 x μ + 5 μ x μ + 1 + …
again repeating the process in this manner, we obtain the general case
f 1 - 1 x = f 2 - 1 ( x ) = f 3 - 1 ( x ) = x η + 5 x η + 1 + … , f 1 - 1 x = f 2 - 1 ( x ) = f 3 - 1 ( x ) = x μ + 5 x μ + 1 + …
which lie in the intervals 1 + 5ℤ5  and 3 + 5ℤ5  respectively. Thus, we found that
N ∩ 1 + 5 ℤ 5 = ∅ and N ∩ 3 + 5 ℤ 5 = ∅

Hence either x ∈ 1 + 5ℤ5  or x ∈ 3 + 5ℤ5  which deduce that x ∉ N. Hence we proved that for x j ∊ {0, 2, 4}, x ∊ N.

Conversely, let all the variables x = x0 + 51x1 + 52x2 + …, belong to ℤ5 for all x j ∊ {0, 2, 4}, and j = 0, 1, 2, …. Then, from Eq. (3) and (5), we can say that neither x ∈ 1 + 5ℤ5  nor x ∈ 3 + 5ℤ5  which implies that x ∉ f j (1 + 5ℤ5) and also x ∉ f j (3 + 5ℤ5), for j ∊ W l  = {1, 2, 3} l , l = 0, 1, 2, ..... Thus,
x ∉ ∪ l = 0 ∞ ∪ j ∈ W l f j 1 + 5 ℤ 5 ∪ ∪ l = 0 ∞ ∪ j ∈ W l f j 3 + 5 ℤ 5 = Y

Thus, N ∪ Y = ℤ5 and hence x ∊ N, which completes the proof of the theorem.

Cantor one-fifth set as fractal string

It is well known from the definition of fractal string that such a set consists of countably many disjoint open intervals. The lengths of which form a sequence L = ℓ1, ℓ2, ℓ3, …, called the lengths of the string. We can assume without loss of generality that
ℓ 1 ≥ ℓ 2 ≥ ℓ 3 , … , > 0

where each length is counted according to its multiplicity. An ordinary fractal string can be thought of as a one-dimensional drum with fractal boundary. In the literature of fractal geometry, we found a classical example of the fractal string as Cantor string. It is the set, complement of the interval [0, 1] of the usual ternary Cantor set. It is one of the simplest and most important example in the research of fractal string by (Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen 2006). Information about the geometry of Cantor string like Minkowski dimension and the Minkowski measurability is obtained from its geometric zeta function. Motivated by the research of Lapidus with other researcher’s (Lapidus and Hung 2008) on the Cantor string, we introduce a new Cantor one-fifth set as an example of fractal string.

The Cantor one-fifth string ℵ, is the complement of [0, 1] of the usual Cantor one-fifth set F. The Figure 3 shows the geometrical representation of Cantor one-fifth string.
Figure 3
Figure 3

Cantor one-fifth set as fractal string.

Thus, we obtain
ℵ = 1 / 5 , 2 / 5 ∪ ( 3 / 5 , 4 / 5 ) ∪ ( 1 / 25 , 2 / 25 ) ∪ ( 3 / 25 , 4 / 25 ) ∪ ( 11 / 25 , 12 / 25 ) ∪ 1 / 25 , 2 / 25 ∪ ( 13 / 25 , 14 / 25 ) ∪ ( 21 / 25 , 22 / 25 ) ∪ ( 23 / 25 , 24 / 25 ) ∪ p

where, ℓ1 = (l1 = l2 = 1/5), ℓ2 = (l3 = l4 = l5 = l6 = l7 = l8 = 1/25) and so on. Continuing in this way, we find that the lengths of open intervals is consist of ℓ k  = 5-k-1 with multiplicity m 5 - k - 1 = 2.3 k for k = 0, 1, 2, ....

Thus, the geometric zeta function of the Cantor one-fifth string is determined by the sequence ℵ:
ς ℵ s = ∑ k = 0 ∞ m k ℓ k s = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 2.3 k .5 - k - 1 s = 2.5 s - 1 5 s - 3 for Re s > log 3 / log 5
(6)
The poles of the such function are the set of complex numbers (see (Lapidus and Hung 2008), pp. 7) and given by
D L = D + inp : n ∈ ℤ , = 0.6826 + in 2 π / log 5 : n ∈ ℤ ,
(7)

where D = log 3/log 5 = 0.6826 is the dimension of Cantor one-fifth set and p = 2π/log 5 oscillatory period of Cantor one-fifth string ℵ, is called complex dimension of Cantor one-fifth string.

Further, representation of Cantor one-fifth string may be seen in Figure 4 using fractal harp.
Figure 4
Figure 4

Fractal harp of Cantor one-fifth string.

5-adic Cantor one-fifth set as fractal string

Since, the construction of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth string (ξ) is analogue to the usual Cantor one-fifth set. We start, by subdividing the interval ℤ5 into closed subintervals
f 1 ℤ 5 = 0 + 5 ℤ 5 f 2 ℤ 5 = 2 + 5 ℤ 5 f 3 ℤ 5 = 4 + 5 ℤ 5
since, fractal string is complement of the usual Cantor one-fifth set in the closed interval [0, 1], the remaining open subintervals after this step are given by
ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 1 2 f j ℤ 5 = 1 + 5 ℤ 5 = G 1 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 2 3 f j ℤ 5 = 3 + 5 ℤ 5 = G 2
then, the G1 ∪ G2 is the first sub-ring of self similar 5-adic Cantor one-fifth string. The lengths of G1 and G2 are given by using the Haar measure (Gupta and Jain 1986) as follows:
l 1 = l 2 = μ H G 1 = μ H G 2 = 1 / 5
Again repeating the same process, by subdividing the closed intervals of first step (see Figure 1), we get
f 11 ℤ 5 = 0 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 21 ℤ 5 = 10 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 31 ℤ 5 = 20 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 12 ℤ 5 = 2 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 22 ℤ 5 = 12 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 32 ℤ 5 = 22 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 13 ℤ 5 = 4 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 23 ℤ 5 = 14 + 25 ℤ 5 , f 33 ℤ 5 = 24 + 25 ℤ 5 .
Thus, the remaining open subintervals are given by
ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 1 2 f j 1 ℤ 5 = 5 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 3 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 2 3 f j 1 ℤ 5 = 15 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 4 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 1 2 f j 2 ℤ 5 = 7 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 5 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 2 3 f j 2 ℤ 5 = 17 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 6 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 1 2 f j 3 ℤ 5 = 9 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 7 , ℤ 5 - ∪ j = 2 3 f j 3 ℤ 5 = 19 + 25 ℤ 5 = G 8 .
The subring G3 ∪ G4 ∪ G5 ∪ G6 ∪ G7 ∪ G8is the second set of self-similar 5-adic Cantor one-fifth string. Thus, the length is given by
l 3 = l 4 = l 5 = l 6 = l 7 = l 8 = μ H G 3 = μ H G 4 = μ H G 5 = μ H G 6 = μ H G 7 = μ H G 8 = 1 / 25 .
Repeating the same process over and over again, we obtain a sequence ℓ1 = ℓ2 = ℓ3 = ℓ4 = ℓ5 = ..... which consists of lengths 5-k-1 with multiplicity 2.3 k . Using Figure 5 the 5-adic Cantor one-fifth string can also be written as follows:
ξ = 1 + 5 ℤ 5 ∪ ( 3 + 5 ℤ 5 ) ∪ ( 5 + 25 ℤ 5 ) ∪ ( 15 + 25 ℤ 5 ) ∪ 7 + 25 ℤ 5 ∪ ( 17 + 25 ℤ 5 ) ∪ ( 9 + 25 ℤ 5 ) ∪ ( 19 + 25 ℤ 5 ) ∪ ....
Figure 5
Figure 5

5-adic Cantor one fifth string via IFS.

From Definition 2.3 (Lapidus and Hung 2009), the geometric zeta function of ξ is given by
ς ξ = μ H 1 + 5 ℤ 5 s + μ H 3 + 5 ℤ 5 s + μ H 5 + 25 ℤ 5 s + … = ∑ k = 1 ∞ m k ℓ k s = ∑ k = 1 ∞ 2.3 k .5 - k - 1 s = 2.5 s - 1 5 s - 3 for Re s > log 3 / log 5
(8)
the poles of the such function are the set of complex numbers
D L = D + inp : n ∈ ℤ = log 3 log 5 + in 2 π log 5 ,
(9)

where D = log 3/log 5 = 0.6826 is the dimension of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth string and p = 2π/log 5 oscillatory period is the volume of the inner tubular neighborhood of ξ.

Concluding remarks

Based on the results, our conclusions are following:
  1. 1.

    In Subsection “5-adic (nonarchimedean) Cantor one-fifth set”, using 5-adic integer it has been concluded that Cantor one-fifth set satisfies the nonarchimedean properties of a set and also studied that nonarchimedean Cantor one-fifth set satisfies self-similarity property using self-referential equation.

     
  2. 2.

    Further, it has been concluded that quinary Cantor one-fifth set is homeomorphic to 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set N in subsection “Quinary expansion of 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set”.

     
  3. 3.

    In Subsection “Cantor one-fifth set as fractal string” and “5-adic Cantor one-fifth set as fractal string”, it has been analyzed that Cantor one-fifth set and 5-adic Cantor one-fifth set both satisfy the properties of fractal string. Moreover, we found that the geometric zeta function and the complex dimension of both the sets are perfectly same.

     

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This Research is supported by the University Grant Commission of India (Grant No. 39-29/2010(SR)).

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Mathematics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
(2)
Department of Computer Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, 305801, Rajasthan, India

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© Kumar et al.; licensee Springer. 2013

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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