Foraging of Psilocybe basidiocarps by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis in Santa Fé, Argentina

Background

It is generally accepted that material collected by leaf-cutting ants of the genus Acromyrmex consists solely of plant matter, which is used in the nest as substrate for a symbiotic fungus providing nutrition to the ants. There is only one previous report of any leaf-cutting ant foraging directly on fungal basidiocarps.

Findings

Basidiocarps of Psilocybe coprophila growing on cow dung were actively collected by workers of Acromyrmex lobicornis in Santa Fé province, Argentina. During this behaviour the ants displayed typical signals of recognition and continuously recruited other foragers to the task. Basidiocarps of different stages of maturity were being transported into the nest by particular groups of workers, while other workers collected plant material.

Conclusions

The collection of mature basidiocarps with viable spores by leaf-cutting ants in nature adds substance to theories relating to the origin of fungiculture in these highly specialized social insects.

Ants in the genera Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) are eusocial insects known as leaf-cutting ants because members of their foraging caste (foragers) cut and carry fresh plant material, including leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds, into the nest (Weber 1972). These activities are part of the foraging behaviour which comprises searching, selecting, cutting and transporting of the plant matter (Wilson 1971 1980). Plants to be cut are carefully selected according to physical parameters such as hardness or water content of leaves (Bowers and Porter 1981Waller 1982Nichols-Orians and Schultz 1989) as well as chemical characteristics such as toxins, terpenoids or antifungal compounds (Rockwood 1975 1976Hubbell et al. 1984Howard 1988). Different attine ant species may show a preference for foraging on monocotyledons, dicotyledons, or both (Fowler et al. 1990Lopes 2005). In the nest, the freshly cut material is extensively processed (Diniz and Bueno 2009), followed by inoculation with a basidiomycete fungus such as Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (A. Möller) Singer. The fungus garden thus established serves as the source of food for the colony and is carefully maintained (Weber 1972Quinlan and Cherrett 1979). The association between Leucoagaricus and leaf-cutting ants is considered to be mutually and obligately symbiotic (Weber 1972).

Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery is a leaf-cutting ant species distributed from subtropical areas in southern Brazil and Bolivia (23° S) through northern Patagonia, Argentina (44° S) (Farji-Brener and Ruggiero 1994). This species shows a preference for dicotyledonous plants, monocotyledons being collected only sporadically (Franzel and Farji-Brener 2000). We were therefore surprised to observe foragers of A. lobicornis cutting and carrying basidiocarps of a coprophilous fungus.

Field observations of A. lobicornis collecting fungal basidiocarps were made on 9 January 2010 at 10:35 am in Santurce (Santa Fé province, Argentina; 30°11′16.14″S; 61°10′24.35″W). Photographs and video sequences were taken with a Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-W120 camera. Pure cultures of the fungus were obtained by attaching mature basidiocarps to the lid of a Petri dish with a streak of vaseline jelly, permitting basidiospores to be released onto an agar plate of potato dextrose agar (PDA) augmented with penicillin G and streptomycin sulphate (each at 200 mg l^-1). After 48 h, samples of growing mycelium were excised from the margins of basidiospore deposits with a fine needle, and transferred to fresh PDA plates. Mycelium of a representative 7-d-old PDA culture was used for DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA as described by Weber (2011). Sequence searches were performed in GenBank using the BLASTN function (Zhang et al. 2000).

Observations of a foraging trail of A. lobicornis showed that one group of workers was collecting pieces of dicotyledonous plants whilst another group was cutting and carrying fungal fruit-bodies to the nest (Figure 1). These basidiocarps had grown on the surface of several pats of cow dung (Figure 2) located 50–70 m away from the nest. During a 5-min period, 10 ants entered their nest carrying entire basidiocarps or parts of them. Both immature and fully expanded basidiocarps were collected (see Additional file 1). Further documentation is available from the corresponding author upon request.

Worker (forager) of Acromyrmex lobicornis carrying an immature basidiocarp of Psilocybe coprophila .

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Basidiocarps of Psilocybe coprophila on mature cow dung at the observation site, 9 Jan. 2010.

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Basidiocarps were 10–30 mm long, and fully expanded caps measured 6–10 mm diam. Basidiospores were produced abundantly by mature basidiocarps. They were thick-walled, brown, flattened, somewhat angular in outline, and possessed a basal scar and an apical germ pore (Figure 3). They measured 11.0-13.0 × 7.8-9.1 × 6.6-8.0 μm. Keys of coprophilous fungi (Watling and Gregory 1987Richardson and Watling 1997) permitted identification of the coprophilous fungus as Psilocybe coprophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. [syn. Deconica coprophila (Bull.: Fr.) Karst.]. The ITS rDNA sequence, deposited in GenBank as accession number JX235960, confirmed P. coprophila (accession AJ519795) to be the closest available match, showing a sequence identity at 591 out of 595 nt overlap.

Basidiospores of Psilocybe coprophila from a mature fruit-body collected at the observation site.

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Although A. lobicornis is known to harvest a variety of plants (Franzel and Farji-Brener 2000), fungi have not been described as being part of its collections before. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge the study by Lechner and Josens (2012) is the only previous observation of any leaf-cutting ant species collecting fungal basidiocarps. In that study, fruit bodies of Agrocybe cylindracea (DC) Maire that had grown on the surface of Populus bark in Buenos Aires (Argentina) were collected by Acromyrmex lundii Guérin-Méneville. Further, Lechner and Josens (2012) were able to demonstrate that A. lundii incorporated A. cylindracea basidiocarp material into its fungus gardens under laboratory conditions.

It is not known why Acromyrmex ants should forage on P. coprophila or A. cylindracea, given that they cultivate their Leucoagaricus diet in their nest. Further, although fungal mycelium is a suitable food source in being rich in carbohydrates and proteins (Mueller et al. 2001), few non-leaf-cutting ants seem to have exploited this. Euprenolepis procera Emery from South-East Asian rainforests is the only known ant species specializing in the collection of fungal fruit bodies as the main diet (Witte and Maschwitz 2008).

The nutritional interactions between Leucoagaricus and attine ants are largely unknown, although enzymatic contributions by both symbiotic partners to the degradation and processing of the collected plant material are beginning to be revealed (Richard et al. 2005Silva et al. 2006). In addition, fungus gardens are subject to contamination by microbes originating from soil and plant material (Carreiro et al. 1997Pagnocca et al. 2012). These may be controlled by grooming behaviour and by antibiotics produced by bacteria (Pseudonocardia spp.) colonising the cuticle of attine ants Poulsen and Currie (2010). However, except for the laboratory study by Lechner and Josens (2012) there is no record of the presence of mushroom-type basidiomycetes in fungus gardens other than Leucoagaricus itself.

Our observation of basidiocarp collections by attine ants raises obvious questions relating to the origin of fungiculture. The ‘Consumption First’ model (Weber 1972) postulates that a fungus species which was at first collected and directly consumed by ants might have become a mutualistic symbiont over time, once the ants had become capable of cultivating it and transmitting it to their offspring. More detailed field observations should be conducted to assess the frequency of basidiocarp collection by A. lobicornis in nature. Fungus gardens of basidiocarp-collecting colonies should be analysed for the presence of these basidiomycetes using microbiological or molecular biological methods.

We are grateful to A. Iozia (the owner of the San Cayetano field) and G. J. Masiulionis for their assistance during the fieldwork. VEM was supported by a scholarship from CAPES/PEC-PG. This work was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq – Brazil) and Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP).

Affiliations

1. Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, SP. Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil

   • Virginia E Masiulionis
   •  & Fernando C Pagnocca

2. Esteburg-Obstbauzentrum Jork, Moorende 53, Jork, 21635, Germany

   • Roland W S Weber

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Virginia E Masiulionis.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

VEM is the main author. RWSW has identified P. coprophila and has contributed to manuscript writing and revision. FCP has supervised this work and has contributed ideas and concepts. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

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