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Table 3 Activity budgets (in percent) of free-ranging and unprovisioned macaque groups of different species, sorted by decreasing travel time and species

From: Ecology of an endemic primate species (Macaca siberu) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Species

Study site

Study period

Group size (name)

Travel/ Move

Forage

Feed

Rest

Social

Other

Source, Obs.M.

Tropical/subtropical climate

M. n. nemestrina

Lima Belas, W-Malaysia

Jan '80 - May '81

50

61.0

16.0

19.0

4.0

 

1, O

M. siberu

Siberut island, Sumatra

Mar '10 - Mar '11

29

57.3

12.1

10.1

14.6

5.9

 

2, S

M. silenus

Western Ghats, S-India

Aug '94 - Mar '96

23

43.6

31.0

20.7

5.8

 

3, S

M. silenus a

Anamalai WS, W-Ghats, India

Sep '90 - Aug '91

41-43

34

23.7

17.9

16

8.4

 

4, S

M. silenus

Anamalai WS, W-Ghats, India

1 year

12-31

15

26.7

27.8

27

2.4

1.1

5, S

M. tonkeana (a),*

Lore Lindu NP, Sulawesi

Jun '02 - Apr '04

26-28 (Ch)

36.0

7.5

13.0

32.5

11.0

 

6, S

M. tonkeana a,*

Lore Lindu NP, Sulawesi

Jun '02 - Apr '04

6-9 (Anca)

29.0

10.0

14.0

36.0

11.0

 

6, S

M. tonkeana

Lore Lindu NP, Sulawesi

 

14

31.0

19.3

35.0

14.7

 

7, S

M. tonkeana a,*

Lore Lindu NP, Sulawesi

 

25

17.7

11.4

51.0

19.9

 

7, S

M. (n.) leonina b

Khao Yai NP, Thailand

Apr '09 - Nov '10

32-39 (HQ)

34.0

5

13.0

30.0

16.0

2.0

8, S

M. (n.) leonina *

Bherjan, E-India

1992-'94, '04

20-23 (2 groups)

19.5

23.5

45.0

8.0

4.0

9, S

M. assamensis

Chiang Rai, Thailand

 

x

27.2

16.8

31.2

24.8

 

10, U

M. assamensis c

Makalu-Barun NP, Nepal

Mar - Apr '97 + '98

27 (Wa.), 13 (Sa.)

27.0

45.5

16.5

11.0

 

11, S

M. assamensis c

Langtan NP, Nepal

Oct '00 - May '01

several groups

27.0

28.5

28.5

16.0

 

11, S

M. assamensis

Phu Khieo WS, Thailand

2007-'08, 2010-'11

49-53 (AS)e

24.7

4.9

27.2

32.0

11.1

 

12, F

M. assamensis

Jokai forest, Assam, India

Jun '97 - May '98

31

25.0

40

22

13.0

 

13, S

M. nigra

Tangkoko, Sulawesi

Jan '93 - Jun '94

42-50 (Mal.)

25.7

13.8

24.8

12.6

23.1

 

14, S

M. nigra

Tangkoko, Sulawesi

Jan '93 - Jun '94

57-61 (Dua)

23.5

15.2

20.8

17

23.5

 

14, S

M. nigra

Tangkoko, Sulawesi

Jan '93 - Jun '94

76-97 (Ram.)

18.3

9

25.1

28.9

18.7

 

14, S

M. nigra

Tangkoko, Sulawesi

Jul '06 - Jun '07

60 (Ram. I)

12.4

54.1

16.9

16.1

0.4

15, S

M. fascicularis

Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia

Jul '74 - Jan '76

23

20.0

35.0

34.0

12.0

0.5

16, S

M. fascicularis

Ketambe, Sumatra

Mar '10 - Apr '11

28 (KA)f

6.1

3.8

38.7

48.2

5.9

 

17, F

M. fascicularis

Ketambe, Sumatra

Mar '10 - Apr '11

52 (C)f

3.8

2.3

36.3

47.2

10.7

 

17, F

M. fascicularis

Ketambe, Sumatra

Mar '10 - Apr '11

35 (KB)f

3.6

3.4

34.8

49.3

10.0

 

17, F

M. nigrescens

Dumoga-Bone NP, N-Sulawesi

Apr '89 - Jun '90

13.9

19.7

10.1

47.6

22.7

 

18, S

M. munzala

Arunachal Pradesh, NE-India

Jul - Aug '05

13 (Ro.), 22 (Br.)

19.0

29.0

36.0

16.0

 

19, O

M. cyclopis

Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Aug '03 - Jul '04

16-63 (Aa, C, E, F)

16.0

8.2

28.1

17.1

30.2

 

20, U

M. cyclopis

Yushan NP, Taiwan

Mar '87 - Oct '88

7.8

9.5

52.8

30.9

x

6.7

21, S

M. radiata *

Bandipur-Mundumalai, India

1 year

15

7.0

37.0

21.0

30.0

5.0

22, F

Temperate climate

M. mulatta

India

1981 - '84

31.5 (70 groups)

26.2

40.1

27.7

4.7

1.3

23, U

M. mulatta b

Kathmandu, Nepal

1974 - '75

x

25.0

27.0

8.0

21.0

21.0

24, S

M. mulatta

N-India

1981 - '86

43-70 (3 groups)

24.1

33.6

35.1

5.6

1.5

25, S

M. mulatta

Murree Hills, NW-Pakistan

1978 - '79

23-25 (Kong)

11.0

45.0

34.0

10.0

x

26, F

M. fuscata yakui

Yakushima, Japan

Jan '90 - May '92

5-19 (P)

23.0

32.7

22.6

18.9

2.8

27, S

M. fuscata yakui

Yakushima, Japan

Aug - Dec '76

47

22.8

23.5

22.1

31.6

 

28, S

M. fuscata yakui

Yakushima, Japan

1976, 1989-'92

5-19 (P, T, Ko)

22.6

30.8

22.1

20.7

3.7

29, S

M. fuscata yakui

Yakushima, Japan

Apr '00 - Mar '01

24 (HR)

16.0

38.0

32.0

14.0

 

30, F

M. f. fuscata

Kinkazan Island, Japan

1984-'87, '91-'92

20-51 (A)

16.8

53.9

17.6

11.5

0.3

29, S

M. f. fuscata d

Kinkazan Island, Japan

Sep - Dec '89

38 (A)

13.5

60.3

6.4

14.6

1.9

31, U

M. sylvanus

Akfadou, Algeria

Feb '83 - Mar '85

33-41

22.3

3.9

23.8

40.0

10.0

 

32, S

M. sylvanus

Ain Kahla, Marocco

1968 - '69

25 (6 groups)

21.8

50.1

16.7

10.8

0.6

33, S

M. sylvanus

Djurdjura, Algeria

Feb '83 - Mar '85

38-47

20.0

6.2

25.4

36.9

11.5

 

32, S

  1. Obs.M. = Observation method (S = scan sampling, F = focal animal sampling, O = other method, U = unknown); NP = National Park, WS = Wildlife Sanctuary; a group was living in disturbed forest, b group was feeding to some extent on human food, c values averaged from both years, d values averaged from different age-sex categories, e data are only from adult females (12 in 2007/08; 15 in 2011/12), f data are only from the 2 adult males, * values were estimated from figure
  2. Sources and habitat type: 1) Caldecott (1986a), tropical broadleaf evergreen forest surrounded by oil palm plantations; 2) this study, tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rainforest; 3) Singh et al (2000), evergreen moist broadleaf forest; 4) Menon & Poirier (1996), disturbed forest fragment; 5) Kurup & Kumar (1993), undisturbed wet evergreen forest; 6) Riley (2007), lowland and hill forest, Ch group minimally altered, Anca group heavily altered with agricultural and agroforestry areas; 7) Pombo et al (2004), smaller group in undisturbed forest, larger group in disturbed forest; 8) Albert (2012), seasonal wet evergreen forest, close to human settlement; 9) Choudhury (2008), tropical wet evergreen forest, deciduous plantations; 10) Aggimarangsee (1992) in Chalise (1999); 11) Chalise (2003), at Makalu-Barun National Park steep slopes with patchy forest, for Langtan National Park habitat not mentioned; 12) M. Heesen (pers. comm.), dry evergreen forest; 13) Sarkar et al (2012), semi-evergreen forest; 14) O’Brien & Kinnaird (O'Brien and Kinnaird 1997), different percentage of primary forest for the different groups (Mal.: 15%, Dua: 20%, Ram.: 4%), rest is secondary and burned forest; 15) Giyarto (2010), mainly primary forest; 16) Aldrich-Blake (1980), tropical lowland evergreen rainforest; 17) C. Girard-Buttoz (pers. comm.), tropical lowland evergreen rainforest; 18) Kohlhaas (1993), primary lowland rainforest, with some patches of secondary growth and grasses; 19) Kumar et al (2006), subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest, secondary scrub and agricultural fields; 20) Wang (2004); 21) Lu et al (1991), mainly primary broadleaf forest; 22) Singh & Vinanthe (1990), dry decidious forest; 23) Seth & Seth (1986), deciduous forest; 24) Teas et al (1980), open and wooded parklands, small tracts of forest, temple grouds; 25) Chopra et al (1992), forest; 26) Goldstein & Richard (1989) and Goldstein (1984), temperate mixed coniferous deciduous forest with disturbed areas; 27) Agetsuma (1995b), warm temperate broadleaf forest; 28) Maruhashi (1981), warm temperate broadleaf forest; 29) Agetsuma & Nakagawa (1998), Yakushima: warm temperate broadleaf forest, Kinkazan: mixed forest of deciduous and coniferous trees; 30) Hanya (2004b), coniferous forest; 31) Hashimoto (1991), deciduous broadleaf forest; 32) Ménard & Vallet (1997), Akfadou: temperate deciduous oak forest, Djurdjura: temperate evergreen cedar-oak forest; 33) Deag (1985), temperate cedar forest.
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