Anderson CR, Condron LM, Clough TJ, Fiers M, Stewart A, Hill RA, Sherlock RR: Biochar induced soil microbial community change: implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Pedobiologia 2011, 54: 309-320. 10.1016/j.pedobi.2011.07.005
Article
Google Scholar
Asai H, Samson BK, Stephan HM, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K, Kiyono Y, Inoue Y, Shiraiwa T, Horie T: Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crops Res 2009, 111: 81-84. 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.10.008
Article
Google Scholar
Blackley DC: Polymer Latices: Science and Technology. 2nd edition. Chapman & Hall, UK; 1997:7.
Book
Google Scholar
Blackwell P, Krull E, Butler G, Herbert A, Solaiman Z: Effect of banded biochar on dryland wheat production and fertilizer use in south-western Australia: an agronomic and economic perspective. Soil Res 2010, 48: 531-545. 10.1071/SR10014
Article
Google Scholar
Bolton J: The manuring and cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis. J Sci Food Agric 1964, 15: 1-8.
Article
Google Scholar
Bray RH, Kurtz LT: Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci 1945, 59: 39-45. 10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006
Article
Google Scholar
Chan KY, Xu Z: Biochar: nutrient properties and their enhancement. In Biochar for environmental management science and technology. Edited by: Lehmann J, Joseph S. Earthscan, London; 2009:67-84.
Google Scholar
Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S: Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Aust J Soil Res 2008, 46: 437-444. 10.1071/SR08036
Article
Google Scholar
Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S: Agronomic values of green-waste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res 2007, 45: 629-634. 10.1071/SR07109
Article
Google Scholar
Chidumayo EN: Effects of wood carbonization on soil and initial development of seedlings in miombo woodland, Zambia. For Ecol Manage 1994, 70: 353-357. 10.1016/0378-1127(94)90101-5
Article
Google Scholar
Day PR: Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In Methods of soil analysis. Agronomy Part 1. Edited by: Black CA. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI; 1965:545-567.
Google Scholar
Deenik JL, McClellan T, Uehara G, Antal MJ, Campbell S: Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2010, 74: 1259-1270. 10.2136/sssaj2009.0115
Article
Google Scholar
Devienne-Barret F, Justes E, Machet JM, Mary B: Integrated control of nitrate uptake by crop growth rate and soil nitrate availability under field conditions. Ann Bot 2000, 86: 995-1005. 10.1006/anbo.2000.1264
Article
Google Scholar
Dharmakeerthi RS, Senevirathna AMWK, Edirimanne VU, Chandrasiri JAS: Effect of stock pruning on shoot and root growth of budded polybag plants of Hevea brasiliensis. Natural Rub Res 2008, 21: 24-31.
Google Scholar
Dharmakeerthi RS, Chandrasiri JAS, Edirimanne VU: Use of biochar as a soil amendment in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations: Effectiveness in young budding polybagged plants. In Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on plantation crop research. Edited by: Dharmakeerthi RS, Senevirathna AMWK. Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka; 2010:179-188.
Google Scholar
Gaskin JW, Speir RA, Harris K, Das KC, Lee RD, Morris LA, Fisher DS: Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agron J 2010, 102: 623-633. 10.2134/agronj2009.0083
Article
Google Scholar
Glaser B, Haumaier L, Guggenberger G, Zech W: The Terra Preta phenomenon – a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics. Naturwissenschaften 2001, 88: 37-41. 10.1007/s001140000193
Article
Google Scholar
Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W: Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review. Biol Fert Soils 2002, 35: 219-230. 10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4
Article
Google Scholar
Handershot WH, Lalande H, Duquette M: Ion exchange and exchangeable cations. In Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Edited by: Carter MR. Lewis Publishers, ; 1993:167-176.
Google Scholar
Hesse PR: A textbook of soil chemical analysis. Chem. Publishing Co, NY; 1971:88-104.
Google Scholar
Ishii T, Kadoya K: Effects of charcoal as a soil conditioner on citrus growth and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development. J Japan Soc Hort Sci 1994, 63: 529-535. 10.2503/jjshs.63.529
Article
Google Scholar
Jayaratne AHR, Peries OS, Waidyanatha UPS: Effect of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on seedlings of Hevea and Puraia phaseoloides. J Rubb Res Inst Sri Lanka 1984, 62: 75-84.
Google Scholar
Jenkinson DS, Ayanaba A: Decomposition of carbon-14 labeled plant material under tropical conditions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1977, 41: 912-915. 10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100050020x
Article
Google Scholar
International Rubber Study Group: Rubber statistical bulletin. , ; 2012:52. No 7–9
Google Scholar
Kalpage FSCP, Silva CG: Studies of the Manganese status of the rubber soils of Ceylon. Q J Rub Res Inst Ceylon 1968, 44: 8-15.
Google Scholar
Karam A: Chemical properties of organic soils. In Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Edited by: Carter MR. Lewis Publishers, ; 1993:459-471.
Google Scholar
Kishimoto S, Sugiura G: Charcoal as a soil conditioner. Int Achieve Future 1985, 5: 12-23.
Google Scholar
Knicker H: How does fire affect the nature and stability of soil organic nitrogen and carbon? a review. Biogeochemistry 2007, 85: 91-118. 10.1007/s10533-007-9104-4
Article
Google Scholar
Krishnakumar AK, Potty SN: Nutrition of Hevea. In Natural rubber: Biology, cultivation and technology. Developments in Crop Science 23. Edited by: Sethuraj MR, Mathew NM. Elsewier, Netherlands; 1992:239-263.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Laird DA, Fleming PD, Davis DD, Wang B, Horton R, Karlen DL: Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 2010, 158: 443-449. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.05.013
Article
Google Scholar
Laird DA, Fleming PD, Wang B, Horton R, Karlen DL: Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 2010, 158: 436-442. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.05.012
Article
Google Scholar
Lehmann J, de Silva JP, Jr SC, Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser B: Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant Soil 2003, 249: 343-357. 10.1023/A:1022833116184
Article
Google Scholar
Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D: Biochar effects on soil biota – a review. Soil Biol Biochem 2011, 43: 1812-1836. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022
Article
Google Scholar
Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O’Neill B, Skjemstad JO, Thies J, Luiza FJ, Petersen J, Neves EG: Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2006, 70: 1719-1730. 10.2136/sssaj2005.0383
Article
Google Scholar
Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J: Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil 2010, 333: 117-128. 10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
Article
Google Scholar
Marschner H: Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd edition. Academic Press, USA; 1999:472.
Google Scholar
Miller RM, Miller SP, Jastrow JD, Rivetta CB: Mycorrhizal mediated feedbacks influence net carbon gain and nutrient uptake in Andropogon gerardii. New Phytol 2002, 155: 149-162. 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00429.x
Article
Google Scholar
Nelson DW, Sommers LE: Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In Methods of soil analysis, Part 2-Chemical and microbiological properties, Agronomy Monograph No 9. 2nd edition. Edited by: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR. ASA-SSSA, Madison; 1982:539-579.
Google Scholar
Novak MJ, Busscher WJ, Larid DA, Ahmdna M, Watts DW, Nialtox MASI: Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Sci 2009, 174: 105-112. 10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981d9a
Article
Google Scholar
PCARR: Standard method of analysis for soil, plant tissue water and fertilizer. Farm, Resource and Systems Research Division, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Research, Los Banos (Laguna); 1980:194.
Google Scholar
Priyadarshan PM: Breeding Hevea brasiliensis for environmental constraints. Adv Agron 2003, 79: 351-400.
Article
Google Scholar
Rajkovich S, Enders A, Hanley K, Hyland C, Zimmerman AR, Lehnann J: Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biol Fertil Soils 2011, 48: 271-284.
Article
Google Scholar
Riley D, Barber SA: Effect of ammonium and nitrate fertilization on phosphorus uptake as related to root induced pH changes at the root-soil interface. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 1971, 35: 301-306. 10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500020035x
Article
Google Scholar
Rondon MA, Lehmann J, Ramírez J, Hurtado M: Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions. Biol Fert Soils 2007, 43: 699-708. 10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z
Article
Google Scholar
Rowell DL: Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Publishers Ltd, ; 1994:169.
Google Scholar
Samarappuli L: Nutrition. In Handbook of rubber, Volume 1: Agronomy. Edited by: Tillekeratne LMK, Nugawela A. Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, ; 2001:156-175.
Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc: SAS systems for Microsoft Windows. Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC; 2004.
Google Scholar
Silva CG, Kumarakulasuriya S, Wickramasinghe LJ: The efficient use of phosphatic fertilizer in relation to the phosphorus fixing capacities of the rubber soils. J Rubb Res Inst Sri Lanka 1977, 54: 263-269.
Google Scholar
Singh MM, Ratnasingam K: Manual of laboratory methods of chemical soil analysis, Analytical Chemistry Division. Rubber Research Institute of Malaya; 1971.
Google Scholar
Singh RP, Mandal D, Joseph M, Sarma AC, Gupta CK, Krishnakumar AK: Effect of potassium and magnesium interaction on soil properties and growth of immature Hevea brasiliensis in Assam. Natural Rubb Res 2005, 18: 161-171.
Google Scholar
Siregar CA: Effect of charcoal application on the early growth stage of Acacia mangium and Michelia montana. J For Res 2007,4(1):19-30.
Google Scholar
Sohi SP, Krull E, Lopez-Capel E, Bol R: A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Adv Agron 2010, 105: 47-82.
Article
Google Scholar
Steiner C, Teixeira W, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo J, Blum W, Zech W: Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 2007, 291: 275-290. 10.1007/s11104-007-9193-9
Article
Google Scholar
Tillekeratne LMK, Nugawela A: Handbook of rubber Volume 1: Agronomy. Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka. Agalawatta, Sri Lanka; 2001.
Google Scholar
Topoliantz S, Ponge JF, Ballof S: Manioc peel and charcoal: a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics. Biol Fertil Soils 2005, 41: 15-21. 10.1007/s00374-004-0804-9
Article
Google Scholar
Tryon EH: Effect of charcoal on certain physical, chemical, and biological properties of forest soils. Ecol Monogr 1948, 18: 81-115. 10.2307/1948629
Article
Google Scholar
Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E: Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition Soil Use Manage. 2011, 27: 205-212.
Google Scholar
Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A: Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil 2010, 327: 235-246. 10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
Article
Google Scholar
Wallace A: Soil acidification from use of too much fertilizer. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 1994, 25: 87-92. 10.1080/00103629409369010
Article
Google Scholar
Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC: Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil - concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 2007, 300: 9-20. 10.1007/s11104-007-9391-5
Article
Google Scholar
Weerasuriya SM, Yogaratnam N: Effect of potassium and magnesium on leaf and bark nutrient contents of young Hevea brasiliensis. J Rubb Res Inst Sri Lanka 1989, 69: 1-20.
Google Scholar
Wolf B: A comprehensive system of leaf analyses and its use for diagnosing crop nutrient status. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 1982, 13: 1035-1059. 10.1080/00103628209367332
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Zhang GL, Zhao YG, Zhao WJ, Qi ZP: Chemical degradation of a Ferralsol (Oxisol) under intensive rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) farming in tropical China. Soil Tillage Res 2007, 93: 109-116. 10.1016/j.still.2006.03.013
Article
Google Scholar