Thailand’s universal coverage scheme and its impact on health-seeking behavior

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Table 2 Descriptive statistics for the study variables (outpatient analysis, age 18+)

Variables	Sick group (n = 10,363)		Non-sick group (n = 30,158)		Overall group (n = 40,521)
Variables	Mean or percent	Std. Dev	Mean or percent	Std. Dev	Mean or percent	Std. Dev
Health-seeking behavior
No care	11.22%
Informal care	18.89%
Designated facility care	59.65%
Non-designated facility care	10.23%
OOP payment
Informal care	81.32	149.84
Designated facility care	55.44	448.40
Non-designated facility care	777.40	1472.00
Income	8244.68	13,678.83	9429.25	11,401.58	9126.30	12,036.01
Income (log transformed)	8.54	1.27	8.76	1.08	8.70	1.13
Age	56.44	16.09	44.34	15.88	47.44	16.79
Gender
Male	39.26%		48.67%		46.26%
Female	60.74%		51.33%		53.74%
Education
Primary school or below	81.84%		62.68%		67.58%
Middle or high school	15.78%		32.36%		28.12%
College or above	2.38%		4.96%		4.30%
Marital status
Single	10.20%		19.77%		17.32%
Married	64.36%		67.83%		66.94%
Divorced/widowed/separated	25.44%		12.40%		15.74%
Employment status
Yes	61.68%		77.38%		73.36%
No	38.32%		22.62%		26.64%
Dual coverage
Yes	4.32%		4.67%		4.58%
No	95.68%		95.33%		95.42%
Chronic status
Yes	65.49%		10.64%		24.67%
No	34.51%		89.36%		75.33%
Region
Urban	47.86%		52.71%		51.47%
Rural	52.14%		47.29%		48.53%

Std. Dev, standard deviation; OOP Payment, out-of-pocket payment; Median (interquartile range Q1–Q3) of out-of-pocket payment for informal care = 50 (20–100); Median (interquartile range Q1–Q3) of out-of-pocket payment for designated facility care = 0 (0–0); Median (interquartile range Q1–Q3) of out-of-pocket payment for non-designated facility care = 320 (200–600); Median (interquartile range Q1–Q3) of income for sick group = 5813.78 (3265.99–9899.49)