Table 3 Smoking-related disease stratified by smoking status in Chongqing, China (n, %)

Smoking-related diseases

–

–

–

 Lung cancer

383 (97.0)

877 (97.2)

χ² = 0.070, p = 0.790

 Chronic bronchitis

227 (57.5)

499 (55.3)

χ² = 0.5138, p = 0.474

 Laryngeal cancer

223 (56.5)

457 (50.7)

χ² = 3.693, p = 0.055

 Heart disease

77 (19.5)

178 (19.7)

χ² = 0.01, p = 0.920

 Peptic ulcer

66 (16.7)

113 (12.5)

χ² = 4.036, p = 0.045*

 Cerebral stroke

44 (11.1)

110 (12.2)

χ² = 0.2927, p = 0.589

Smoking-related perceptions

–

–

–

 Nicotine is a kind of addictive substances

316 (80.0)

744 (82.5)

χ² = 1.1344, p = 0.287

 Smoking has a direct effect on the health

348 (88.1)

812 (90.0)

χ² = 1.0729, p = 0.300

 Pregnant women smoking is harmful to fetus

371 (93.9)

861 (95.5)

χ² = 1.3517, p = 0.245

 Smoke-free environment is helpful to health

356 (90.1)

848 (94.0)

χ² = 6.2345, p = 0.013*

 Second-hand smoking is harmful to health

357 (90.4)

852 (94.5)

χ² = 7.2197, p = 0.007*

 Smoking has effects on physiologic, appearance, social and economy

276 (69.9)

702 (77.8)

χ² = 9.3701, p = 0.002*

 Whether a person smoke depends on the feeling of individual, family, peers and the media

274 (69.4)

675 (74.8)

χ² = 4.1815, p = 0.041*