Table 2 Mean concentrations in mg/L of some trace metals in water samples collected from seven human settlements along the Bosomtwe Crater Lake in the dry and wet seasons
Season | Settlement | Lake water | Groundwater | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Fe | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | Ni | As | Fe | Pb | Zn | Cr | Cd | Ni | ||
Dry (*N = 105) | Anyinatiase | <0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.41 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Nkowi | <0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Adwafo | <0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Abrodwum | <0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Obo | <0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Abono | <0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
Abease | <0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
Wet (*N = 105) | Anyinatiase | <0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 1.02 ± 1.29 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Nkowi | <0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Adwafo | <0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.09 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Abrodwum | <0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Obo | <0.01 | 1.99 ± 0.77 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
Abono | <0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | |
Abease | <0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | <0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | |