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Table 1 Reification of the proximity concept
| Proximities | Distinct attributesa | Level of analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Geographical | Location (pure physical distance) | Macro and meso (international/national/global/local) |
| Institutional | Formal and informal rules & regulations imposed by specific administrative geographical territories, such as countries and regional entities, including cultural aspects | Macro (nation/region) |
| Social | Embeddedness in knowledge fields, professional associations or social communities | Meso (networks) |
| Organizational | Organizational objectives and organization-specific formal and informal rules & regulations (including aspects of organizational culture) | Meso (organizations) |
| Cognitive | Knowledge areas of expertise and experience as well as reputational standing | Micro (individual) |
| Personal | Personal character traits, behavioural patterns, and enjoyment of one another’s company | Micro (individual) |
