Table 2 Outcome measures of interest and movement analysis tools used

Amemiya et al. (2014)

1. F-scan (NITTA CORPORATION, Osaka, Japan) inserted into the footwear

2. Wireless motion sensors (LOGICAL PRODUCT CORPORATION, Fukuoka, Japan)

(a) Plantar pressure

(b) Gait features including amplitude of motion, gait phase balance and variability

Claudia et al. (2014)

Baropodometer (Foot Walk Pro, AM CUBE, FRANCE) at 200 Hz

(a) Gait speed, double and single stance time

Tuna et al. (2014)

Pedobarographic evaluation—A Mini-Emed pedobarography device (Novel, Munich, Germany)

(a) Peak pressure at forefoot and rear foot

(b) Total plantar force

(c) Forefoot and rear foot plantar force percentage

(d) Total contact area and contact area percentage at forefoot and hind foot

Raspovic (2013)

1. Three-dimensional motion analysis—Vicon 512 Motion Analysis System (Oxford Metrics Ltd, Oxford, England) with six cameras operating at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz

2. A force plate (Kistler, Switzerland) embedded into a 10 m walkway operating at a sampling frequency of 400 Hz used to collect kinetic data

(a) Spatiotemporal parameters—cadence, walking speed and stride length

(b) Kinematic data—stance phase range of motion: at the pelvis, hip and knee; at the ankle and first metatarsophalangeal joint in the sagittal plane; and fore- foot rotation and foot progression. Initial contact angle of the hip, knee and ankles

(c) Kinetic data—maximum power and maximum moment at the hip, knee and ankle and the magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force peaks

Deschamps et al. (2013)

1. Vicon Motion System Ltd, Oxford Metrics, UK consisted of 10 T-10 cameras at 100 Hz

2. A custom made force plate (Advanced Mechanical Technology, Newton, MA, USA) covered with a pressure plate (RSscan International, Olen, Belgium)

(a) Spatio-temporal parameters of gait-stance time, swing time, walking speed and cadence

(b) Peak force and  % total regional impulse

Formosa et al. (2013)

Clinical examination and visual estimation

Ankle and hallux range of motion

Melai et al. (2011)

7 m wooden walkway with an imbedded pressure platform EMED-x (100 Hz, 4 sensors/cm², range 0–127 N/cm²) or EMED-at (50 Hz, 2 sensors/cm², range 0–120 N/cm²), Novel GmbH Inc., Munich, Germany

Plantar pressure and pressure time integral (PTI) using the Novel 10 mask division

Gomes et al. (2011)

Three biaxial electrogoniometers (Models SG110/A and SG150; Biometrics, Gwent, UK)

(a) Angular displacements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints

(b) Electrical activity (Emg) of lower limb muscles

Ko et al. (2011)

1. Vicon Motion System Ltd, Oxford Metrics, UK) consisted of 10 digital cameras

2. Two staggered force platforms (Advanced Mechanical Technologies, Inc. Watertown, MA, USA at 1080 Hz

(a) Spatiotemporal parameters-walking speed, stride length, stride width

(b) Range of motion for hip, knee and ankle

(c) Generative and absorptive power at Hip, Knee and ankle

Rao et al. (2010)

1. Active marker system (Optotrak, NDI, Waterloo, Canada) at 120 Hz

2. Forceplate embedded in the walkway (Kistler Inc, Amherst, NY) at 360 Hz

3. Pedobarograph (EMed, Novel Inc., St Paul, MN) at 50 Hz

(a) Kinematic data—Peak motion as well as excursion for the 1st metatarsal, lateral forefoot and calcaneus

(b) Kinetic data—Ankle joint plantarflexor moment and power and Plantar pressure- heel, midfoot, forefoot

Ko et al. (2012)

1. Gait-RITE™ mat (Gait-RITE CIRSystem, Inc., Havertown, PA, USA)

2. Teskan High Resolution Floor Mat System (Teskscan Inc, South Boston, MA, USA)

(a) Kinematics-walking speed

(b) Gait variables on dominant limb-cadence, step length, step time, and toe out angle. Centre of force medial–lateral (MLE) and anterior-posterior excursion (APE)

(c) Kinetics—Peak plantar pressure (PPP)

Saura et al. (2010)

1. Vicon^® system, using 4 cameras (Mcam2 at 250 Hz)

2. Force platform (AMTI^® OR6/6 at 1000 Hz)

(a) Vertical ground reaction force (GRF)

(b) Ankle Range of Motion (ROM)

Anjos et al. (2010)

Pressure foot plate from the Footwork Analysis System, with 2704 sensors measuring 7.62 × 7.62 mm

Mean peak plantar pressure

Bacarin et al. (2009)

Pedar-X system (20 steps and a sampling rate of 50 Hz)

(a) Peak pressure

(b) Pressure time integral at hallux, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, mid foot and rear-foot

Sawacha et al. (2009)

BTS motion capture system (Six cameras, 60–120 Hz) Synchronized with two Bertec Force plates (FP4060-10) and integrated with two Imago plantar pressure system (0.64 cm² resolution, 150 Hz)

1. Spatio-temporal parameters

2. Ground reaction force, centre of pressure and peak pressure

Savelberg et al. (2009)

12 m walkway Kistler type 9281A pressure platform (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany)

(a) Gait variable-velocity

(b) Ground reaction force

(c) Ankle, knee and hip joint moments

Guldemond et al. (2008)

An EMED SF-4^® pressure sensitive platform (Novel, Munich) for barefoot plantar pressures analysis

Peak Pressure at forefoot, hallux and all five MTP joints

Williams et al. (2007)

1. 5 camera motion analysis system using Retroreflective markers

2. Force plate at 960 Hz and 10 foot strikes were taken.

(a) Joint angles at ankle and knee

(b) Joint moments

(c) Joint stiffness using the method described by Stefanyshyn and Nigg (1998)

Yavuz et al. (2008)

A custom-built shear and pressure platform, 80 sensors (12.5 mm_12.5mm) arranged in an 8_10 array

(a) Pressure time integral (PTI)

(b) Stress time integral (STI)

(c) Peak pressure (PP)

(d) Anterior-posterior (AP) and Medial–lateral shear (ML) stress

(e) Peak to peak AP and peak to peak ML pressure

Yavuzer et al. (2006)

1. Vicon 370 system (Vicon Oxford Metrix Limited, 14Minns Estate, West way, Oxford, OX2 OJB)

2. Two Bertec forceplates (Bertec Corp. Columbus, OH)

(a) Gait parameters-cadence, walking velocity, stride and step time, stride and step length and double support time

(b) Kinematics-joint rotation angle of pelvis, hip, knee and ankle

(c) Kinetics-vertical forces, momentum and power of hip, knee and ankle

Rao (2006)

1. Recording at 60 Hz using an active marker system (Optrotrak, NDI, Waterloo, Canada)

2. Force plate at 240 Hz (Kistler Inc., NY)

3. Pressure sensitive insoles (Pedar, Novel Inc., Minneapolis, MN) at 50 Hz

(a) Passive range of motion for ankle

(b) Ankle joint stiffness

(c) Peak pressure, peak joint moment and peak power for ankle

(c) Gait parameters-walking speed, stride length

(d) Joint peak power

Rahman et al. (2006)

F-Scan in-shoe pressure measurement system (Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore)

(a) Peak pressure

(b) Contact area

(c) Percentage medial impulse

Zimny et al. (2004)

Fast Scan system (Megascan, Hannover, Germany)

(a) Range of motion for ankle and 1st metatarso-phalangeal (MTP) joint

(b) Plantar pressure Integral

Pataky et al. (2005)

Force sensing resistors sensors 174^®, International Electronics and Engineer-ing, Luxemburg

Peak plantar pressure on big toe, 1st, 3rd, 5th meta-tarsal and heel

Caselli et al. (2002)

F-Scan mat system, software version 3.711 (Teskan, Boston, MA)

(a) Passive range of motion for 1st MTP and Subtalar joint using a goniometer

(b) Maximum peak pressure under forefoot and rearfoot