Table 1 Screening method for diabetic neuropathy

Amemiya et al. (2014)

Not specified

Not specified

Claudia et al. (2014)

1. Semmens–Weinstein 10 g monofilaments

2. Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (score ≥ 8)

Not specified

Tuna et al. (2014)

Not specified

Not specified

Raspovic (2013)

Vibration perception threshold (VPT) > 25 V in combination with a positive Neuropathy Deficit Score (NDS)

(a) Maximal isometric muscle strength of knee flexors, knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors

(b) Passive range of motion for lower limb joints

Deschamps et al. (2013)

Not specified

Not specified

Formosa et al. (2013)

Semmens–Weinstein 10 g monofilament (Neuropathy considered if one or more out of 5 sites were insensate)

Not specified

Melai et al. (2011)

Standardized neurological examination

Not specified

Gomes et al. (2011)

Michigan neuropathy screening instrument > 3/15 (questionnaire) and score of > 4/10 (examination)

General physical examination

Ko et al. (2011)

Not specified

Not specified

Rao et al. (2010)

5.07 Semmes–Weinstein Monofilament and Vibration perception threshold of 25 V or higher

Not specified

Ko et al. (2012)

Not specified

Not specified

Saura et al. (2010)

10 g Monofilament and tuning fork of 128 Hz according to the Michigan protocol

Not specified

Anjos et al. (2010)

Not specified

Not specified

Bacarin et al. (2009)

1. Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire (Score > 6)

2. 10 g Monofilament (insensitive to at least 2 sites)

Not specified

Sawacha et al. (2009)

1. Michigan neuropathy screening instrument questionnaire (> 3/15 symptoms)

2. Ankle and Patellar reflex

3. Less than 3 response for 10 sites on 10 g Semmens–Weinstein monofilament test

4. Vibration pressure threshold of > 25 V

5. Pin prick using 25/7 mm needle

6. 128 MHz tuning fork

(a) Walking on heels,

(b) Strength test against manual resistance for plantar flexion/extension, knee flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and forearm and finger active movements

(c) General foot assessment

Savelberg et al. (2009)

Vibration perception threshold > 25 V

Ankle and knee joint muscle strength

Guldemond et al. (2008)

1. Valk Scoring system for grade of polyneuropathy (score higher than 4 was graded as peripheral polyneuropathy)

2. Pinprick sense and light touch sense (cotton wool)

3. Vibration using 128 Hz tuning fork

4. Ankle and Knee reflex

(a) Passive ankle range of motion using a plastic goniometer

Williams et al. (2007)

5.07 Semmes–Weinstein Monofilament and Vibration pressure threshold > 25 V

(a) Joint stiffness testing

(b) Sensation on plantar aspect of the feet using Birke and Sims (1986)

Yavuz et al. (2008)

5.07 Semmes–Weinstein monofilament and a biothesiometer

Foot examination for ulcers

Yavuzer et al. (2006)

Not specified

None

Rahman et al. (2006)

Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments ranging from 3 to 10 g

None

Rao (2006)

5.07 Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments

Passive ankle range of motion and stiffness

Zimny et al. (2004)

Vibration pressure threshold with the calibrated Rydell-Seiffer tuning fork and the Phywe Vibratester (Threshold of 4 </8 confirmed neuropathy)

(a) Inspection of the foot

(b) Palpation of the peripheral pulses

Pataky et al. (2005)

(a) Vibration Pressure Threshold (VPT) ≥ 6 measured at big toe and internal malleolus

(b) Tuning Fork 128 Hz Rydel Sieffer

(a) Patellar and ankle reflex

(b) Skin temperature using Thermocross

Caselli et al. (2002)

1. Stratification of participants into four groups based on the severity of neuropathy using Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS)

2. Vibration pressure threshold

3. Semmes–Weinstein monofilament

Not specified