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Table 4 Effects of dietary betaine (Bet), vitamin C (Vit. C), vitamin E (Vit. E), and their combined supplementation on some blood biochemical constituents in dual-purpose hens reared under heat stress condition

From: Laying performance, digestibility and plasma hormones in laying hens exposed to chronic heat stress as affected by betaine, vitamin C, and/or vitamin E supplementation

Parameters

Control (+)

Heat stress treatments

SEM

P value

Control (−)

Control + Bet

Control + Vit. C

Control + Vit. E

Control + Bet + Vit. C

Control + Bet + Vit. E

Control + Vit. C + Vit. E

Control + Bet + Vit. C + Vit. E

Glucose, mg/dl

227a

208b

220a

218a

217a

225a

219a

226a

225a

2.683

0.001

Estrogen, ng/ml

618a

514c

595b

590b

577b

582b

580b

586b

597b

6.213

0.001

Progesterone, pg/ml

9.16a

6.12d

9.06ab

7.98c

7.68c

7.74c

8.08bc

8.54abc

8.70abc

0.265

0.001

Triiodothyronine, µg/dl

0.136a

0.098b

0.126a

0.124a

0.120a

0.130a

0.132a

0.128a

0.134a

0.0001

0.006

Thyroxine, µg/dl

18.2a

13.2b

17.0a

16.8a

16.4a

17.8a

17.6a

17.2a

18.0a

0.443

0.001

Triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio

0.0075

0.0074

0.0074

0.0074

0.0073

0.0073

0.0076

0.0074

0.0075

0.0001

1.000

  1. Means with at least one common superscript in a row do not differ significantly (P > 0.05)