Fig. 4

Phylogenetic analyses of the S genes of 4 HCoV species. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the S gene of HCoV-HKU1 (a), HCoV-NL63 (b), HCoV-OC43 (c), and HCoV-229E (d) with MEGA 6.06 software using the distance method and the neighbor-joining algorithm with Kimura 2 parameters. Phylogenetic clusters are indicated to the right of the trees. CU designation is given to each of the 46 clinical isolates examined in this study (black dots). The node clusters were supported by bootstrap values >70 %