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Table 3 Results of meta-analysis predicting doping intentions, susceptibility and behaviour

From: Predictors of doping intentions, susceptibility, and behaviour of elite athletes: a meta-analytic review

Outcome

Predictor

k

n

Effect size

95 % CI lb

95 % CI ub

Doping intentions

Situational temptationsc

4

2535

0.72a

0.69

0.75

 

Attitudes

4

2535

0.60a

0.56

0.63

 

Subjective normsc

4

2535

0.50a

0.45

0.55

 

Descriptive norms

1

650

0.17a

0.09

0.24

 

PBC

3

1885

0.27a

0.20

0.33

 

Past behaviour

1

1075

0.29a

0.23

0.34

 

Mastery avoidance

1

750

0.09a

0.02

0.16

 

Anticipated regret

1

650

−0.48a

−0.54

−0.42

Doping susceptibility

Attitudes

4

1905

0.47a

0.32

0.59

 

Subjective normsc

2

1038

0.48a

0.39

0.57

 

Current behaviour

1

729

0.54a

0.48

0.58

 

User favourability

1

729

0.50a

0.44

0.55

 

User similarity

1

729

0.49a

0.43

0.54

 

Competition level

1

729

−0.15a

−0.22

−0.08

 

Mastery approach/deception

1

309

0.29a

0.18

0.39

 

Descriptive norms

1

309

0.18a

0.07

0.29

 

MDE

1

224

0.25a

0.12

0.37

 

Controlling coach climatec

1

224

0.20a

0.07

0.32

Doping behaviour

Attitudes

3

2,076

0.30a

0.16

0.42

 

Sportspersonship

1

1201

−0.23a

−0.28

−0.18

 

SDT (only extrinsic)c

1

1201

0.11a

0.05

0.17

 

Situational temptation (availability)c

1

974

17.1b

8.4

34.9

 

Descriptive norms

1

974

3.0b

2.0

4.7

 

Age (≤18 years)

1

757

4.27b

n.a.

n.a.

 

Gender (male)

1

757

1.65b

n.a.

n.a.

 

Knowledge (better)

1

757

1.19b

n.a.

n.a.

 

Doping beliefs

1

199

0.40a

0.28

0.51

 

Current behaviour

1

72

0.26a

0.03

0.47

  1. k: number of studies, n: total sample, 95 % CI lb: 95 % confidence interval lower bound, 95 % CI ub: 95 % confidence interval upper bound
  2. PBC perceived behavioural control, MDE moral disengagement, SDT self-determination theory, n.a. not applicable
  3. aPearson’s correlation r
  4. bOdds ratio
  5. cRepresents facets of sporting culture based on its operationalization