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Table 2 Basic characteristics of included studies

From: Predictors of doping intentions, susceptibility, and behaviour of elite athletes: a meta-analytic review

Authors

Year

Country

Target population

Outcome variable

Statistical analysis

R2*

Psychological concepts

SD

N

Age ± SD

Barkoukis et al.

2013a

Greece

673 (750)

25 ± 5.89

(I) Intentions Lifetime never dopers

Hierarchical Regression

41.2 %

SDT, AGT, sportspersonship, TPB, PM (part)

No

   

74 (750)

 

(II) Intentions Lifetime ever dopers

Hierarchical Regression

78.2 %

  

Barkoukis et al.

2014

Greece

309

16.64 ± 1.15

Susceptibility

Hierarchical Linear Regression

42.2 %

AGT, TPB (part), DT

No

Barkoukis et al.

2015

Greece

60

–

Intentions

Hierarchical Regression

67 %

TPB

 

Donahue et al.

2006

Canada

1.201

16.34 ± 2.43

Behaviour

SEM

–

SDT, sportspersonship, use

Yes

Dunn and Thomas

2012

Australia

1.684

22 ± 4.0

Behaviour

Binary Logistic Regression Model

30 %b

DT, PM (part)

No

Gucciardi et al.

2011

Australia

670

23.75 ± 8.49

Susceptibility

SEM

11 %

TPB (part), DT, morality, personality

No

Hodge et al.

2013

New Zealand

224

20.3 ± 3.1

Susceptibility

SEM

22 %

SDTc, MDE, TPB (parts)

No

Jalleh et al.

2014

Australia

1237

23 ± 7.8

Behaviour

SEM

13 %

TPB (part), DT, morality, personality

No

Lazuras et al.

2010

Greece

1075

25 ± 5.89

Intentions

Hierarchical Regression analysis

69.2 %

TPB, PM (part), DT

Yes

Lazuras et al.

2015

Greece

816

16.08 ± 1.50

Intentions

Hierarchical Regression analysis

57.2 %

TBP, SDT, AGT, sportperonship, norms, self-efficacy (PBC + situational temptation)

Yes

Mazanov et al.

2008

UK

757

18–23

Behaviour

Logistic regression

–

TPB (part), experience

No

Petroczi

2007

USA

199

20.2 ± 2.15

Behaviour

SEM

–

SOT (GOT), beliefs, TPB (part), experience

Yes

Uvasczek et al.

2011

Hungary

82

21.43 ± 2.82

Behaviour

Multivariate regression model

–

Experience, PM (part), TPB (part)

No

Whitaker et al.

2014

UK

729

28.8 ± 10.1

Susceptibility

Multivariate regression model

54.4 %

PM, TPB (part), experience, expectancies

Yes

  1. Sample with mixed target population → only results of elite athletes entered this table
  2. AGT achievement goal theory, CSA covariance structure analysis, DN descriptive norm, DT deterrence theory, GOT goal orientation theory, MDE moral disengagement, N/A not applicable, PBC perceived behavioural control, PM prototype modelling, SD socially desirable behaviour, SDT self-determination theory, SEM structural equation model, SO sport orientation, TBP theory of planned behaviour
  3. * p < 0.05
  4. aStudy population was combined again for meta-analytic calculations
  5. bNagelkerkes R2
  6. cSDT extended by environment