Fig. 4

In vitro analysis of the bacterial growth-stimulating effect of koji glycosylceramide. Purified glycosylceramide was added to bacterial cultures and growth (OD₆₀₀) was measured after 24 h of culture. The results are the mean of triplicate independent experiments with standard errors. The statistical significance of differences between averages was assessed by the unpaired one-tailed Student’s t-test (***p < 0.001). a B. coccoides incubated with or without 4 μg/μL koji glycosyleeramide. b B. coccoides incubated with or without 4 μg/μL soybean glucosylceramide. c L. casei incubated with or without 4 μg/μL soybean glucosylceramide. d E. coli incubated with or without 4 μg/μL soybean glucosylceramide. Detailed materials and methods are described in the text