Table 4 Biases generated from the Gini coefficient using Trapezium, Simpson 1/3 and Simpson 3/8 numerical integration methods as compared with the exact estimation
From: Estimation of the Gini coefficient for the lognormal distribution of income using the Lorenz curve
Region/family head | Trapezium rule | Simpson’s 1/3 rule | Simpson’s 3/8 rule |
|---|---|---|---|
Greater Accra | −0.0282 | −0.0122 | −0.0162 |
Eastern | −0.0304 | −0.014 | −0.0206 |
Ashanti | −0.0276 | −0.0164 | −0.0192 |
Volta | −0.0256 | −0.012 | −0.0188 |
Western | −0.0116 | −0.0112 | −0.0114 |
Brong Ahafo | −0.0934 | −0.0856 | −0.0892 |
Central | −0.016 | −0.01 | −0.0118 |
Northern | −0.015 | −0.003 | −0.0048 |
Upper East | −0.0402 | −0.0202 | −0.028 |
Upper West | −0.1966 | −0.0206 | −0.027 |
Rural | −0.0106 | −0.0034 | −0.004 |
Urban | −0.0992 | −0.0377 | −0.0434 |
Male head | −0.0204 | −0.0026 | −0.0038 |
Female head | −0.0894 | −0.0363 | −0.0436 |
All | −0.0549 | −0.0195 | −0.0237 |