Venkatesan and Kim (2010)
|
Tuna bone
|
Drying
|
–
|
Pure HA in nano-sized range
|
Wu et al. (2011)
|
Oyster shell
|
Ball mailing and heat treatment
|
–
|
HA and β-TCP composition in the sample
|
Singh and Purohit (2011)
|
Garden Snail
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
10
|
Pure HA in micron-sized range
|
Santhosh and Prabu (2013)
|
Sea shell
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
10
|
Pure HA in nano-sized range
|
Rujitanapanich et al. (2014)
|
Oyster shell
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
8–10
|
Improve crystallinity of HA at pH value of 10.
|
Kamalanathan et al. (2014)
|
Eggshell
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
10.5 and above
|
Pure HA at low temperature and present of α-TCP and TTCP at high temperature
|
Wu et al. (2015)
|
Eggshell
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
–
|
HA/β-TCP biphase at low temperature and pure HA at high temperature
|
Chen et al. (2015)
|
Abalone shell
|
Solid-state conversion
|
10
|
Mix of HA, calcite and aragonite composition in the sample. HA nanorod is obtained
|
Yelmilda et al. (2015)
|
Cockle shell
|
Hydrothermal
|
10–11
|
Pure HA in nano-sized range and no toxic effect
|
Shavandi et al. (2015)
|
Mussel shell
|
Rapid microwave irradiation
|
13
|
Pure HA in nano-sized range
|
This study
|
Ark clam shell
|
Wet chemical precipitate
|
8
|
Pure HA as-synthesized and nano-sized range. HA/β-TCP biphase composition was present at high temperature
|