Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change

Makate, Clifton; Wang, Rongchang; Makate, Marshall; Mango, Nelson

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2802-4

SpringerPlus

Table 2 Impact of crop diversification: baseline specifications

From: Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change

Variables	Log income	Log_fcsdaily	Log_legumeprod	Log_cereal	Hfood security	hdds	Cd_dum
Head of household	−0.078	−0.015	−0.180	−0.049	0.023	−0.200	−0.271*
	(0.202)	(0.027)	(0.218)	(0.131)	(0.053)	(0.141)	(0.151)
Househ_male	−0.035	−0.122	0.824	0.198	0.093	0.150	0.027
	(0.533)	(0.094)	(0.561)	(0.143)	(0.086)	(0.085)	(0.280)
Househ_age	0.017	−0.007	−0.013	0.013	−0.013	−0.075	0.037
	(0.025)	(0.010)	(0.043)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.034)	(0.029)
Househ_age2	−0.000	0.000	0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.001*	−0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Educ_secondary	0.528**	−0.083	0.366	0.062	−0.080**	−0.072	0.087
	(0.111)	(0.083)	(0.281)	(0.116)	(0.019)	(0.149)	(0.171)
Househ_married	0.409	0.103	−0.516	0.051	−0.080	−0.550**	−0.290
	(0.757)	(0.090)	(0.491)	(0.112)	(0.093)	(0.152)	(0.286)
Househ_num_workers	0.103	−0.025	−0.066	−0.026	−0.008	0.113	−0.010
	(0.045)	(0.016)	(0.068)	(0.015)	(0.007)	(0.048)	(0.038)
Househ_landsize	0.524***	0.014	0.055	0.022	0.000	0.237	0.158**
	(0.087)	(0.012)	(0.034)	(0.041)	(0.010)	(0.152)	(0.071)
Househ_landsq	−0.014*	0.000	−0.001	−0.001	−0.000	−0.008	−0.005**
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.002)
Distance_market	0.001	−0.001	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	−0.001
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Farm_experience	0.047	0.001	0.055	−0.014	−0.000	−0.027	−0.055***
	(0.027)	(0.005)	(0.041)	(0.012)	(0.003)	(0.036)	(0.021)
Farm_exp2	−0.001	0.000	−0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001***
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)
Occupation_farmer	0.624	0.073	−0.199	0.105	−0.047	−0.312	−0.125
	(0.491)	(0.102)	(0.162)	(0.083)	(0.075)	(0.280)	(0.206)
Asset_quintile2	0.380	−0.036	−0.638*	0.131	−0.025	−0.188	0.642***
	(0.244)	(0.056)	(0.269)	(0.058)	(0.037)	(0.444)	(0.209)
Asset_quintile3	0.404	−0.043	−0.474***	−0.164	−0.054	−0.597	0.326
	(0.305)	(0.059)	(0.074)	(0.133)	(0.064)	(0.406)	(0.210)
Asset_quintile4	0.462	−0.015	−0.897**	0.099	−0.040	−0.201	0.529**
	(0.586)	(0.075)	(0.172)	(0.233)	(0.065)	(0.563)	(0.225)
Asset_quintile5	1.017**	−0.061	−0.432	0.417***	0.000	−0.397	0.589**
	(0.298)	(0.080)	(0.323)	(0.067)	(0.066)	(0.590)	(0.241)
Goromonzi	−0.857***	0.074**	0.472*	0.203*	0.064**	0.092	0.042
	(0.111)	(0.021)	(0.156)	(0.074)	(0.020)	(0.225)	(0.192)
Wedza	−1.783***	0.298***	−1.826***	−1.187***	0.098**	1.648***	0.265
	(0.031)	(0.025)	(0.064)	(0.041)	(0.019)	(0.077)	(0.224)
Mudzi	−2.095***	0.249***	−0.193**	−1.461***	0.038	0.919**	0.970***
	(0.061)	(0.022)	(0.049)	(0.071)	(0.030)	(0.165)	(0.236)
Extension_dum							0.384***
							(0.137)
Info_outputprice							0.370**
							(0.154)
Roadntwk_good							0.184
							(0.160)
Transport_costlow							0.258*
							(0.145)
Infoaccess_dum							−0.297*
							(0.175)
Crop diversification	0.583	−0.095	0.496*	0.192	0.054	0.340**
	(0.329)	(0.057)	(0.181)	(0.119)	(0.037)	(0.086)
Observations	538	531	405	484	531	531	538

*** Significant at 1 % level; ** significant at 5 % level; * significant at 10 % level. In parentheses are robust standard errors that account for clustering at the district level. Except for the household food security which binary (hence probit regression estimated), all the other models are based on a continuous outcome variable (hence OLS repression). In the baseline specifications, crop diversification is assumed to be exogenous

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