Heavy metal exposure, in combination with physical activity and aging, is related with oxidative stress in Japanese women from a rural agricultural community

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Table 3 Standardized regression coefficients of the variables used in the structural equation modeling to determine associations between heavy metal exposure, physical activity, age and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels (N = 188)

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Standard β	p
8-OHdG (measured variable)	Heavy metal exposure	0.33	–^a
	Physical activity	0.38	–^a
	Age	0.20	0.00
Heavy metal exposure (latent variable)	Urinary cadmium	0.53	0.01
	Blood cadmium	−0.53	0.01
	Urinary lead	−0.02	0.94
	Blood lead	0.80	0.00
Physical activity (latent variable)	Vigorous exercise	0.40	0.02
	Bicycle riding or walking	−0.09	0.60
	Watching TV or reading	0.82	0.00
	Driving an automobile	−0.27	0.13
	Strenuous housework	0.37	0.02

^ap values could not be calculated because the independent variable was a latent variable