Heavy metal exposure, in combination with physical activity and aging, is related with oxidative stress in Japanese women from a rural agricultural community

Cui, Xiaoyi; Ohtsu, Mayumi; Mise, Nathan; Ikegami, Akihiko; Mizuno, Atsuko; Sakamoto, Takako; Ogawa, Masanori; Machida, Munehito; Kayama, Fujio

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2430-z

SpringerPlus

Table 2 Comparison of variables by quartiles of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and correlations of the variables with 8-OHdG levels

From: Heavy metal exposure, in combination with physical activity and aging, is related with oxidative stress in Japanese women from a rural agricultural community

Variables	Quartiles of 8-OHdG values
	≤25th percentile	26–50th percentiles	51–75th percentiles	>75th percentile	Total	p	R^c
	≤3.68 (n = 47)	3.68–5.25 (n = 47)	5.25–7.47 (n = 47)	>7.47 (n = 47)	(n = 188)
	Mean (SD), GM (GSD), or median (min–max)	Mean (SD), GM (GSD), or median (min–max)	Mean (SD), GM (GSD), or median (min–max)	Mean (SD), GM (GSD), or median (min–max)	Mean (SD), GM (GSD), or median (min–max)
Age (years)^f	50 (39–72)	56 (35–75)	62 (38–77)	63 (47–73)^△	57 (35–77)	0.00^b	0.35*
BMI (kg/m²)^d	23.70 (2.72)	24.03 (3.14)	24.18 (2.93)	23.60 (2.97)	23.88 (2.93)	0.75^a	0.02
Blood lead (μg/L)^e	13.43 (1.04)	14.02 (1.05)	14.18 (1.04)	16.19 (1.06)^△	14.42 (1.02)	0.04^a	0.18*
Urinary lead (μg/g Cr)^e	1.06 (1.08)	1.01 (1.06)	1.11 (1.05)	1.32 (1.08)^☆	1.12 (1.04)	0.03^a	0.20*
Blood cadmium (μg/L)^e	2.06 (1.08)	1.94 (1.07)	2.09 (1.06)	1.87 (1.06)	1.99 (1.03)	0.58^a	−0.08
Urinary cadmium (μg/g Cr)^e	3.27 (1.08)	2.99 (1.09)	3.90 (1.06)	4.00 (1.07)^☆△	3.51 (1.04)	0.01^a	0.22*
Physical activity (min/week)^f
Voluntary exercise
Moderate exercise	0 (0–480)	0 (0–900)	0 (0–960)	0 (0–1440)	0 (0–1440)	0.85^b	0.02
Vigorous exercise	0 (0–120)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–360)	0 (0–630)	0 (0–630)	0.09^b	0.15*
Resistance training	0 (0–120)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–240)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–240)	0.14^b	−0.07
Bicycle riding or walking	0 (0–800)	70 (0–500)	0 (0–1800)	120 (0–700)^◇△	40 (0–1800)	0.01^b	0.19*
General everyday activities
Meals	420 (200–1050)	430 (0–1100)	450 (70–1260)	420 (180–1800)	420 (0–1800)	0.72^b	−0.05
Watching TV or reading	1050 (70–5400)	1050 (150–2940)	840 (70–5400)	1380 (100–7200)^◇	1050 (70–7200)	0.11^b	0.12
Driving an automobile	260 (0–4480)	210 (0–3000)	200 (0–1000)	200 (0–5400)^☆△	210 (0–5400)	0.01^b	−0.24*
Interesting activities at home	1050 (70–3780)	1050 (0–6000)	840 (0–2800)	1200 (0–4200)	1050 (0–6000)	0.41^b	−0.05
Activity at work
Desk work	60 (0–4100)	300 (0–2940)	0 (0–3960)	140 (0–7200)	60 (0–7200)	0.15^b	−0.05
Strenuous housework	140 (0–1200)	105 (0–840)	60 (0–630)	150 (0–3600)^◇	120 (0–3600)	0.06^b	0.01
Active work	60 (0–3360)	120 (0–2520)	0 (0–3360)	180 (0–2520)	75 (0–3360)	0.83^b	−0.01
Carpentry work	0 (0–240)	0 (0–540)	0 (0–300)	0 (0–210)	0 (0–540)	0.48^b	−0.10

* p < 0.05 based on the Spearman’s rank correlation analysis
^◇ p < 0.05 for the comparisons of the mean and GM using Student’s t test or the median using Mann–Whitney U tests between the >75th and 51–75th percentile categories
^☆ p < 0.05 for the comparisons of the mean and GM using Student’s t test or the median using Mann–Whitney U tests between the >75th and 26–50th percentile categories
^△ p < 0.05 for the comparisons of the mean and GM using Student’s t test or the median using Mann–Whitney U tests between the >75th and ≤25th percentile categories
^aMean body mass index (BMI) and the geometric mean (GM) of the heavy metal exposure variables were compared between the 4 quartile categories of 8-OHdG using ANOVA tests
^bMedian age and physical activity were compared between the 4 quartile groups of 8-OHdG using Kruskal–Wallis tests
^cSpearman’s rank correlation coefficient between 8-OHdG and each variable
^dResults shown as mean (standard deviation [SD])
^eResults shown as GM (geometric standard deviation [GSD])
^fResults shown as median (min–max)

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