Table 2 Physicochemical characteristics of different vinasses and American environmental regulations for irrigation

pH

3.8–4.7^a

4.3–5.35^b

3.6–3.8^a

3.4–4.5^bl

6

Electrical Conductivity (EC) (mS cm⁻¹)

16^c

35–40^dg

2.6–4.2^a

0.00195^f

NR

Phosphates (PO₄ ³⁻) (mg L⁻¹)

20–233^a

120^g

290–1705^a

100–700^l

NR

Total Phosphorus (TP) (mg L⁻¹)

1–190^b

160–163^b

NR

41^b

NR

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) (g L⁻¹)

26–32^a

196–592^dh

NR

16.8^m

NR

Total Nitrogen (TN) (mg L⁻¹)

975^a

1800–4750^b

660^a

20–50^l

NR

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (g L⁻¹)

59–80.5^a

55.5–91.1^b

56.2–123^a

55.2–66.3^b

NR

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (g L⁻¹)

31.5–75^a

27.5–44.9^b

NR

20.6^b

45

Total solids (g L⁻¹)

63–69^a

109^g

26–95^a

25–50^j

N.R

Total Suspended solids (g L⁻¹)

3–11^a

3.6^g

3.1–8.4^a

2–8^l

45

Volatile Suspended solids (g L⁻¹)

2.5–9^a

2.5^g

1.1–6.8^a

1.9–7.5^l

N.R

Total Volatile solids (g L⁻¹)

82

NR

NR

NR

N.R

Cadmium (Cd) (mg L⁻¹)

0.04–1.36^b

<0.1^h

NR

0.01–0.2^b

0.01–0.05

Copper (Cu) (mg L⁻¹)

NR

2.1–5^b

NR

0.36–4^b

0.2–5

Chromium (Cr) (mg L⁻¹)

NR

<0.01^h

NR

NR

0.1–1

Mercury (Hg) (mg L⁻¹)

NR

<0.001ⁱ

NR

NR

0.002

Lead (Pb) (mg L⁻¹)

0.02–0.48^b

<5^b

NR

0.065–0.5^b

5–10

Nickel (Ni) (mg L⁻¹)

NR

<0.1^h

NR

<0.02^l

0.2–2.0

Zinc (Zn) (mg L⁻¹)

15^a

11^h

NR

<1^l

2–10

Iron (Fe) (mg L⁻¹)

12.8–203^ba

203–226^b

NR

35.2–45^b

5–20

Phenols (mg L⁻¹)

34^b

450^b

478–542^a

44–81^b

NR

Potassium (K) (g L⁻¹)

30^a

10–10.03^b

NR

240–345^b

NR

Density (g cm⁻¹)

NR

1.26^h

NR

NR

NR