In-hospital mortality after surgery: a retrospective cohort study in a Japanese university hospital

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Table 5 Classification of surgical departments according to their mortality rates in the derivation cohort

Surgical department	Number of patients	Number of deaths	Crude mortality (%)	Risk classification
Catheter intervention	122	25	20.5	highR
Emergency medicine	50	4	8.0	highR
Neurosurgery	375	24	6.4	highR
Cardiovascular surgery	533	29	5.4	highR
Gastrointestinal surgery	1388	66	4.8	highR
Orthopedic	1780	15	0.8	moderateR
Thoracic surgery	250	2	0.8	moderateR
Gynecology and obstetrics	251	1	0.4	lowR
Urology	466	1	0.2	lowR
Pediatric surgery	549	1	0.2	lowR
Breast and thyroid surgery	681	1	0.1	lowR
Ear, nose, throat	799	1	0.1	lowR
Plastic surgery	672	0	0.0	lowR
Oral surgery	328	0	0.0	lowR
Ophthalmology	83	0	0.0	lowR
Dermatology	53	0	0.0	lowR
Others	34	0	0.0	lowR
Total	8414	170	2.0

Mortality >1.0 % was classified into the high risk surgical group, 1–0.5 % the intermediate risk surgical group, and <0.5 % the low risk surgical group. Catheter intervention includes Cardiology, Stroke, Interventional Radiology, and Hepatopancreatology. Although these catheter intervention procedures are usually performed under local anesthesia, they are performed under general anesthesia if the case is life-threatening