Exploring background risk factors for fatigue crashes involving truck drivers on regional roadway networks: a case control study in Jiangxi and Shaanxi, China

Chen, Changkun; Zhang, Jun

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2261-y

SpringerPlus

Table 1 Distribution of crash sample characteristics

From: Exploring background risk factors for fatigue crashes involving truck drivers on regional roadway networks: a case control study in Jiangxi and Shaanxi, China

Risk contributes	Jiangxi (N = 5447)		Shaanxi (N = 3721)
Risk contributes	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Driver factors
Gender
Male	5014	92.05	3498	94.01
Female	433	7.95	223	5.99
Marital status
Single/divorced/widow	389	7.14	182	4.89
Living with a partner	5058	92.86	3539	95.11
Age^a
Young	1031	18.93	556	14.94
Adult	3504	64.33	2674	71.86
Old	912	16.74	491	13.20
Driving experience in years^b
Novice	1594	29.26	923	24.81
Practician	2432	44.65	1928	51.81
Proficient	1053	19.33	653	17.55
Expert	368	6.76	217	5.83
Driver’s occupation
Employed workers	4979	91.41	3291	88.44
Self-employed	367	6.74	364	9.78
Military and policy	30	0.55	14	0.38
Others	71	1.30	52	1.40
Vehicle factors
Vehicle type
Goods vehicles	5146	94.47	3511	94.36
Other vehicle types	301	5.53	210	5.64
Commercial transport
Yes	5154	94.62	3495	93.93
No	293	5.38	226	6.07
Vehicle insurance
Yes	5058	92.86	3343	89.84
No	389	7.14	378	10.16
Vehicle safety state
Fit	4791	87.96	3318	89.17
Unfit	656	12.04	403	10.83
Vehicle brake performance
Good	4285	78.67	3009	80.87
Poor	1162	21.33	712	19.13
Roadway factors
Road type^c
Expressway	2262	41.53	1384	37.19
The first class highway	1567	28.77	984	26.44
The second class highway	1053	19.33	813	21.85
The third class highway	226	4.15	188	5.05
The fourth class highway	47	0.86	96	2.58
Rural road	28	0.51	41	1.10
Urban road^d	264	4.85	215	5.78
Highway specific locations^e
Sharp curve	1087	19.96	985	26.47
Long steep grade	2361	43.34	1827	49.10
Interchange	49	0.90	28	0.75
Highway ramp	112	2.06	131	3.52
Weaving section	317	5.82	247	6.64
Tunnel	429	7.88	825	22.17
Bridge	833	15.29	351	9.43
Toll station	33	0.61	22	0.59
Urban road specific locations^f
Intersection^g	104	39.39	123	57.21
Elevated road	13	4.92	19	8.84
Ramp	21	7.95	15	6.98
Under-crossing tunnel	62	23.48	44	20.47
Others	69	26.14	35	16.28
Pavement condition
Dry	3631	66.66	2548	68.48
Wet	1816	33.34	1173	31.52
Environment factors
Time of crash
0 am–6 am	1907	35.01	1211	32.55
6 am–8 pm	2661	48.85	1824	49.02
8 pm–12 pm	879	16.14	686	18.44
Day of the week^h
Weekdays	4339	79.66	3076	82.67
Weekends	1108	20.34	645	17.33
Seasonsⁱ
Spring	936	17.18	347	9.33
Summer	1869	34.31	1422	38.22
Autumn	577	10.59	326	8.76
Winter	2065	37.91	1626	43.70
Public holiday^j
Yes	189	3.47	79	2.12
No	5258	96.53	3642	97.88
Weathercondition
Fine	3725	68.39	2859	76.83
Adverse	1722	31.61	862	23.17
Visibility condition
Good	3950	72.52	3108	83.53
Bad	1497	27.48	613	16.47
Traffic violations ^k
Alcohol-impaired driving
Drunk	281	5.16	167	4.49
Not drunk	5166	94.84	3554	95.51
Disregarding the speed limits
Speeding	3871	71.07	2976	79.98
Not speeding	1576	28.93	745	20.02
Overloading behavior
Overloading	3672	67.41	2405	64.63
Not overloading	1775	32.59	1316	35.37
Risky following
Keep unsafe distance	1716	31.50	1359	36.52
Keep safe distance	3731	68.50	2362	63.48
Failure to use seat belt
Yes	1033	18.96	862	23.17
No	4414	81.04	2859	76.83
Cell phone use
Use	582	10.68	589	15.83
Not use	4865	89.32	3132	84.17
Illegal meeting
Performed	649	11.91	337	9.06
Not performed	4798	88.09	3384	90.94
Crash characteristics
Injury outcome
Slight injury	849	15.59	533	14.32
Moderate injury	1327	24.36	1188	31.93
Serious injury	1775	32.59	1083	29.11
Fatal injury	1496	27.46	917	24.64
Type of collision
Head-on collision	1181	21.68	932	25.05
Sideswipes	1427	26.20	1130	30.37
Rear-end collision	1326	24.34	803	21.58
Rollover	408	7.49	171	4.60
Runoff	944	17.33	606	16.29
Others^l	161	2.96	79	2.12
Collision partner
A single truck	846	15.53	696	18.70
A truck and a passenger vehicle^m	1378	25.30	451	12.12
Two trucks	307	5.64	282	7.58
Multiple vehiclesⁿ	2735	50.21	2117	56.89
Truck(s) and vulnerable road user(s)^o	181	3.32	175	4.70

^aDivided into three groups: young (≤30 years old), adult (30–55 years old), and old (≥55 years old)
^bDivided into four groups: novice (≤3 years), practician (3–5 years), proficient (6–15 years), and expert (≥15 years)
^cAccording to the Technical Standards for Highway (JTG B01 2003), released by the Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China in 2003
^dIncluding urban expressways, arterials, sub-arterials and minor streets and roads
^eFrequent occurrence locations of crashes of highways are also known as “black spot”. Here a crash may be attributed to two or more contributing factors. For example, a truck runs off the road at a sharp curve while driving along a long steep grade
^fCrashes associated with one roadway factor/total crashes occurring on urban roads
^gIncluding road level crossing (with and without signal controlled), under-crossing, and interchange
^hWeekends = 17:00 Friday to 24:00 Sunday; weekdays = 0:00 Monday to 16:59 Friday
ⁱSpring = March to May; summer = June to August; autumn = September to November; winter = December to February
^jIncluding New Year, Chinese New Year, Qing Ming Festival, International Labor Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and National Day
^kOnly typical risky driving behaviors were included in this study, based on the original TADS records
^lIncluding those involving vulnerable road users, etc
^mPassenger vehicles refer to passenger cars and coaches; Here coach involved crashes account for a very small percentage in crash sample
ⁿReferring to three vehicles or more with at least one truck
^oIncluding pedestrians, bicyclists (considering those on electric bikes or low speed vehicles such as scooters, mopeds and agricultural tricycles et al.), motorcyclists or pedal cyclists

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