Table 1 Clinical characteristics of NGT, IFG, and T2D subjects in Nantong, Wuxi, Yixing and Gulou populations

Female (n %)

626 (65.41 %)

342 (65.52 %)

527 (67.91 %)

722 (60.17)

722 (60.17 %)

1685 (59.12 %)

535 (61.14 %)

287 (57.74 %)

1244 (64.39 %)

Age (years)

58.54 ± 9.47

58.05 ± 9.95

58.17 ± 8.56

56.43 ± 8.02

57.43 ± 9.77

60.33 ± 10.71

60.86 ± 10.88

61.75 ± 10.30^*

58.64 ± 9.26

BMI (kg/m²)

21.31 ± 1.50

25.75 ± 3.85

25.54 ± 3.55^**

22.64 ± 2.86

24.92 ± 3.41**

23.83 ± 3.31

24.82 ± 3.44

25.08 ± 3.47^**

25.07 ± 3.32

Waist circumference (cm)

75.49 ± 6.33

88.22 ± 10.43

88.96 ± 10.35^**

81.42 ± 9.48

85.41 ± 9.23

83.51 ± 9.09

86.37 ± 9.34

86.83 ± 9.36^**

Systolic BP (mmHg)

113.79 ± 11.45

130.43 ± 19.14

132.72 ± 19.52^**

118.17 ± 14.88

137.47 ± 21.20

132.02 ± 15.65

135.43 ± 15.60

135.39 ± 16.90^**

132.61 ± 16.77

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

68.28 ± 7.90

77.46 ± 11.10

78.11 ± 10.86^**

75.83 ± 8.64

80.12 ± 10.25

82.70 ± 8060

84.13 ± 8.53

83.64 ± 8.97^**

78.94 ± 10.47

PAI

63.46 ± 19.99

60.43 ± 20.68

53.81 ± 20.91^**

–

–

–

–

–

–

FPG (mmol/L)

4.18 ± 0.4618

6.08 ± 0.37

8.44 ± 3.31^**

4.51 ± 0.46

8.97 ± 3.52

4.89 ± 0.59

6.04 ± 0.36

9.52 ± 3.24^**

5.80 ± 0.51

FINS (mU/L)

–

–

–

–

–

5.74 ± 4.39

7.36 ± 6.08

9.65 ± 5.74^**

12.51 ± 7.76

HOMA-β

–

–

–

–

–

81.70 ± 260.99

58.47 ± 46.90

41.91 ± 54.71^**

113.36 ± 75.85

HOMA-IR

–

–

–

–

–

1.26 ± 0.99

1.98 ± 1.68

4.16 ± 4.49^**

3.24 ± 2.07

HOMA-IS

–

–

–

–

–

0.07 ± 0.10

0.04 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.03^**

0.02 ± 0.016