Skip to main content
Fig. 5 | SpringerPlus

Fig. 5

From: Skeletal muscle wasting and renewal: a pivotal role of myokine IL-6

Fig. 5

Pharmacological approaches in pre-clinical and clinical trials for treating inflammatory diseases and muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. a Chemical and biological inhibitors of IL-6, b sIL-6R, c IL-6R, and d small molecule inhibitors of protein kinases, in the IL-6R downstream signaling pathways. The binding of IL-6 to IL-6R is inhibited by monoclonal antibodies sirukumab, clazakizumab and olokizumab. The interaction of IL-6R with gp130 is blocked by the monoclonal antibodies tocilizumab, sarilumab, ALD518 and siltuximab. FE999301 is a Fc-linked sgp130 recombinant protein that block the interaction of the complex formed by sgp130, soluble IL-6 and IL-6R that act as antagonist of interleukin-6 receptor trans-signaling responses. In box d are examples of small molecule inhibitors of p38α/β protein kinase activity with most highly selectivity and in box e are examples of phosphopeptide-based prodrugs targeting the SH2 domain of STAT3. SHIP1, SOCS and PIAS are natural negative regulators of JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Abbreviations: PIAS, the protein inhibitors of activated STATs, SOCS, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling, NF-κB, factor nuclear kappa B, C/EBPβ, Enhancer Binding Protein Beta, AP-1, Activator Protein-1, ISRE, the IFN-stimulatory element, GAS, the IFN-γ-activation site, and TFs, transcription factors

Back to article page