Oestrogens and oestrogen receptors in prostate cancer

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Table 1 Summarized biochemical pathways and genes involved in oestrogen signalling in prostate cancer

Gene/signaling pathway		Oestrogen receptor type participating in action	Author (year)
Cell proliferation
Oncogenes	BMI-1	ERβ	Mak et al. (2006)
Oncogenes	Twist	ERβ2	Dey et al. (2012)
Suppressors	PTEN	ERα	Takizawa et al. (2015)
Suppressors	MAPK	ERα	Takizawa et al. (2015)
Cell cycle control	p21	ERβ	Colciago et al. (2014)
	CCND1	ERβ	Nakamura et al. (2013)
	c-Myc	ERβ2	Dey et al. (2012)
Signaling pathways	PI3 K	ERα	Takizawa et al. (2015)
Signaling pathways	mTOR	ERα and ERβ	Wang et al. (2014)
Apoptosis
Proapoptotic	Bax	ERβ	Cheng et al. (2004)
	Cleaved caspase-3	ERβ	Cheng et al. (2004)
	p-53	ERs	Kanagaraj et al. (2007)
	FOXO3 and PUMA	ERβ	Dey et al. (2014)
Pro/antiapoptotic	TGF-β1	ERs	Chipuk et al. (2001)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
↓EMT	PHD2/EGLN1	ERβ1	Mak et al. (2006, 2010)
	HIF1-α	ERβ1	Mak et al. (2006, 2010)
	Snail1	ERβ1	Mak et al. (2006, 2010)
	Runx 2	ERβ2	Dey et al. (2012)
	TGF-β1	ERβ	Hu et al. (2015)
	E-cadherin	ERβ	Hu et al. 2015
	Thbs2	ERα	Slavin et al. (2014)
	MMP3		Slavin et al. (2014)
↑EMT	SOX4	ERβ	Mak et al. (2010)
	Twist1	ERβ2	Dey et al. (2012)
	c-Myc	ERβ2	Dey et al. (2012)
	HIF-1α	ERβ2 and ERβ5	Dey et al. (2015)
	Runx 2	ERβ1	Dey et al. (2012)
	NEAT-1	ERβ	Chakravarty et al. (2014)
Chronic inflammation
↑	HIF-1α	ERα	Ravenna et al. (2009, 2014)
↑	NF-κB	ERα	Ravenna et al. (2009, 2014)