Biological screening of selected Pacific Northwest forest plants using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity bioassay

Karchesy, Yvette M.; Kelsey, Rick G.; Constantine, George; Karchesy, Joseph J.

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2145-1

SpringerPlus

Table 1 Brine shrimp toxicity at 24 h exposure to plant extracts

From: Biological screening of selected Pacific Northwest forest plants using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity bioassay

Plant family and species	Common name	Part used	LC₅₀ (µg/ml)	95 % CI
Aceraceae
Acer circinatum	Vine maple	Bark	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Acer macrophyllum	Big leaf maple	Bark	>1000
		Catkins	>1000
Adoxaceae
Sambucus nigra subsp. caerulea	Blue elderberry	Bark	>1000
Sambucus nigra subsp. caerulea		Berries	>1000
Sambucus racemosa	Red elderberry	Bark	>1000
Viburnum ellipticum	Oregon viburnum	Leaves	>1000
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus retroflexus	Pigweed	Aerial parts	>1000
Apocynaceae
Apocynum androsaemifolium	Spreading dogbane	Aerial parts	88	55–141
Araceae
Lysichiton americanus	Skunk cabbage	Flowers	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
		Roots	>1000
Araliaceae
Oplopanax horridum	Devil’s club	Berries-green	338	292–573
		Berries-red	239	187–279
		Leaves	>1000
		Petioles	237	153–372
		Root bark	21	13–32
		Stem bark	35	23–51
Aristolochiaceae
Asarum caudatum	Wild ginger	Aerial parts	565	364–918
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex aquifolium	Holly	Leaves	>1000
Berberidaceae
Berberis aquifolium	Tall Oregon grape	Berries green	305	245–352
		Berry stems	>1000
		Flower heads	608	404–4630
Berberis nervosa	Cascade Oregon grape	Leaves	>1000
Berberis nervosa	Cascade Oregon grape	Roots	>1000
Berberis repens	Low Oregon grape	Leaves	>1000
Betulaceae
Alnus rubra	Red alder	Bark	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Corylus cornuta	Hazelnut	Bark	>1000
Boraginaceae
Mertensia paniculata	Tall bluebell	Aerial parts	>1000
Myosotis laxa	Small flowered forget-me-not	Aerial parts	>1000
Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	Aerial parts	>1000
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera involucrata	Black twin-berry	Leaves	>1000
Lonicera involucrata	Black twin-berry	Bark	>1000
Symphoricarpos albus	Snowberry	Berries	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Chenopodiaceae
Sarcocornia perennis	Pickleweed	Leaves	>1000
Compositae (Asteraceae)
Achillea millefolium	Yarrow	Aerial parts	565	364–918
		Leaves only	300	216–402
		Seeds	>1000
Ambrosia chamissonis	Silver burweed	Aerial parts	>1000
Anaphalis margaritacea	Pearly everlasting	Aerial parts	808	403–2800
Antennaria geyeri	Pussy toes (Geyer)	Aerial parts	>1000
Anthemis cotula	Dog fennel	Aerial parts	246	182–320
		Roots	>1000
Bellis perennis	Bellis (English daisy)	Aerial parts	454	282–760
Centaurea xmoncktonii	Meadow	Aerial parts	277	203–355
	knapweed	Roots	109	96–152
Centaurea solstitialis	Yellow star-	Aerial parts	>1000
	thistle	Roots	693	423–1349
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos	Spotted knapweed	Aerial parts	>1000
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos	Spotted knapweed	Roots	87	56–135
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	Rabbit brush (Green)	Aerial parts	>1000
Cichorium intybus	Chicory	Aerial parts	>1000
Cirsium vulgare	Bull thistle	Aerial parts	>1000
Conyza canadensis	Horseweed	Aerial parts	159	96–267
Ericameria nauseosa	Rabbit brush (Gray)	Aerial parts	579	360–1006
Eriophyllum lanatum	Woolly sunshine	Aerial parts	>1000
Grindelia integrifolia	Gumweed	Aerial parts	173	107–276
		Roots	99	75–116
Hypochaeris glabra	Cat’s ear	Aerial parts	>1000
Lapsana communis	Nipplewort	Aerial parts	>1000
Leucanthemum vulgare	Oxeye daisy	Aerial parts	16	10–25
		Roots	164	139–183
Madia sativa	Tarweed	Aerial parts	>1000
Matricaria discoidea	Pineapple weed	Aerial parts	192	160–208
Senecio jacobaea	Tansy ragwort	Aerial parts	>1000
Solidago canadensis	Canada goldenrod	Aerial parts	827	458–2214
Sonchus asper	Prickly sow	Leaves	>1000
	thistle	Roots	>1000
Symphyotrichum subspicatum	Douglas aster	Aerial parts	>1000
Tanacetum vulgare	Common tansy	Aerial parts	62	39–93
Tragopogon porrifolius	Salsify	Aerial parts	>1000
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus arvensis	Orchard morning glory	Aerial parts	>1000
Cornaceae
Cornus nuttallii	Dogwood	Bark	>1000
Cupressaceae
Callitropsis nootkatensis	Yellow-cedar	Foliage	42	27–65
		Heartwood	89	53–114
		Outer Bark	693	423–1349
		Inner Bark	15	8–24
		Sapwood	>1000
Calocedrus decurrens	Incense cedar	Heartwood	55	35–80
		Sapwood	>1000
Cedrus deodara ¹	Deodar cedar	Heartwood	15	9–24
		Sapwood	36	30–39
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana	Port Orford cedar	Heartwood	31	23–39
×Hesperotropsis leylandii	Leyland cypress	Heartwood	118	81–161
		Sapwood	>1000
Juniperus occidentalis	Juniper	Berries	>1000
	(Western)	Leaves	>1000
		Heartwood	66	56–77
		Inner Bark	>1000
		Outer Bark	>1000
		Sapwood	189	116–338
Elaeagnaceae
Shepherdia canadensis	Soapberry	Berries	387	255–571
		Leaves	>1000
		Leaves with twigs	>1000
		Outer Bark	314	174–662
Ericaceae
Arbutus menziesii	Pacific madrone	Inner Bark	>1000
		Red berries	>1000
Arctostaphylos columbiana	Hairy manzanita	Bark	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Arctostaphylos patula	Green leaf manzanita	Aerial parts	>1000
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	Kinnikinnick	Berries-red Leaves/stems	>1000
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	Kinnikinnick	Berries-red Leaves/stems	>1000
Chimaphila umbellata	Prince’s pine	Aerial parts	155	131–177
		Stems	126	86–170
Gaultheria shallon	Salal	Leaves	>1000
Rhododendron macrophyllum	Pacific rhododendron	Bark	>1000
Rhododendron macrophyllum	Pacific rhododendron	Leaves	>1000
Fagaceae
Quercus garryana	White oak	Galls	>1000
		Heartwood	301	195–468
		Inner Bark	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Fumariaceae
Dicentra formosa	Wild bleeding heart	Aerial parts	>1000
Geraniaceae
Geranium dissectum	Cut-leaf geranium	Aerial parts	>1000
Iridaceae
Iris tenax	Oregon iris	Aerial parts	>1000
Labiatae
Prunella vulgaris	Heal all; Self-heal	Aerial parts	>1000
Stachys cooleyae	Cooley’s hedge nettle (False stinging nettle)	Aerial parts	>1000
Lauraceae
Umbellularia californica	Oregon myrtle	Heartwood	363	255–488
		Sapwood	>1000
Leguminosae
Cytisus scoparius	Scotch broom	Aerial parts	>1000
Dalea ornata	Prairie clover	Aerial parts	157	95–257
		Roots	313	121–1632
Robinia pseudoacacia	Black locust	Heartwood	>1000
Trifolium pratense	Red clover	Aerial parts	>1000
Liliaceae
Camassia quamash	Camas	Aerial parts	212	150–952
		Flowers	272	148–583
		Leaves	446	256–905
Prosartes smithii	Smith’s fairy bell	Aerial parts	>1000
Malvaceae
Malva neglecta	Dwarf mallow	Aerial parts	>1000
Nyctaginaceae
Abronia latifolia	Yellow sandverbena	Aerial parts	>1000
Onagraceae
Chamerion angustifolium	Fireweed	Aerial parts	>1000
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis oregana	Oxalis	Aerial parts	281	268–298
Pinaceae
Abies grandis	Grand-fir	Needles (new)	>1000
		Needles (old)	>1000
Picea sitchensis	Sitka spruce	Needles	>1000
Pinus monticola	Western white	Bark	>1000
	pine	Needles	504	397–662
Pinus ponderosa	Ponderosa pine	Bark	>1000
		Heartwood	107	69–166
		Needles	>1000
		Sapwood	>1000
Pseudotsuga menziesii	Douglas-fir	Cones-green	>1000
		Heartwood	663	422–1153
		Needles	>1000
		Outer bark	>1000
		Sapwood	>1000
Tsuga heterophylla	Western	Cones-green	>1000
	hemlock	Needles	>1000
		Sapwood	>1000
Plantaginaceae
Plantago spp.	Plantain	Aerial parts	>1000
Polygonaceae
Rumex spp.	Dock	Roots	923	822–1537
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium glycyrrhiza	Licorice fern	Roots	>1000
Polystichum munitum	Sword fern	Leaves	>1000
		Roots	>1000
Pteridium aquilinum	Bracken fern	Roots	>1000
Portulacaceae
Claytonia sibirica	Siberian miners’ lettuce	Aerial parts	>1000
Primulaceae
Trientalis latifolia	Western starflower	Aerial parts	539	430–627
Ranunculaceae
Clematis vitalba	Clematis	Aerial parts	>1000
Delphinium trolliifolium	Delphinium	Aerial parts	304	190–489
Ranunculus occidentalis	Western buttercup	Aerial parts	>1000
Ranunculus repens	Creeping buttercup	Aerial parts	>1000
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus purshiana	Cascara	Bark	393	237–698
		Leaves	247	186–667
Rosaceae
Aruncus dioicus	Goat’s beard	Flowers	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
		Roots	>1000
Crataegus douglasii	Black hawthorn	Berries-green	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Holodiscus discolor	Ocean spray	Bark	>1000
		Flowers	>1000
		Leaves	>1000
Malus fusca	Crabapple	Bark	>1000
Oemleria cerasiformis	Indian-plum	Bark	>1000
Oemleria cerasiformis	Indian-plum	Stems + leaves + berries	>1000
Potentilla pacifica	Pacific silverweed	Leaves	632	298–2309
Prunus spp.	Cherry	Leaves	>1000
		Inner Bark	>1000
		Outer Bark	490	354–614
Purshia tridentata	Bitter-brush	Leaves	870	533–1857
		Roots	691	545–884
		Seeds	144	101–192
Rosa nutkana	Nootka rose	Leaves	>1000
Rosa nutkana	Nootka rose	Stems	>1000
Rubus parviflorus	Thimbleberry	Leaves	>1000
Rubus spectabilis	Salmonberry	Bark	>1000
Rubus spectabilis	Salmonberry	Leaves	>1000
Rubus ursinus	Blackberry (trailing)	Aerial parts	>1000
Sorbus scopulina	Mountain ash	Berries	318	308–328
Sorbus scopulina	Mountain ash	Leaves	>1000
Spiraea douglasii	Spirea	Aerial parts	>1000
Rubiaceae
Galium aparine	Cleavers	Aerial parts	>1000
Salicaceae
Populus spp.	Cottonwood	Outer Bark	>1000
Saxifragaceae
Tellima grandiflora	Fringecup	Aerial parts	>1000
Scrophulariaceae
Digitalis purpurea	Foxglove	Aerial parts	>1000
Verbascum thapsus	Common mullein	Aerial parts	>1000
Verbascum thapsus	Common mullein	Roots	>1000
Solanaceae
Solanum nigrum	Black nightshade	Aerial parts	662	422–1153
Taxaceae
Taxus brevifolia	Pacific yew	Heartwood	>1000
Taxodiaceae
Sequoiadendron giganteum	Giant sequoia	Needles	713	580–878
Sequoiadendron giganteum	Giant sequoia	Heartwood	206	166–246
Umbelliferae
Angelica arguta	Sharptooth angelica	Aerial parts	123	94–371
Angelica arguta	Sharptooth angelica	Roots	<10	–²
Daucus carota	Queen Anne’s lace	Aerial parts	>1000
Foeniculum vulgare	Fennel	Aerial parts	>1000
Heracleum maximum	Cow parsnip	Roots	249	167–384
Heracleum maximum	Cow parsnip	Umbels	404	307–496
Oenanthe sarmentosa	Pacific water parsley	Aerial parts	76	48–117
Urticaceae
Urtica dioica	Stinging nettle	Aerial parts	>1000
Urtica dioica	Stinging nettle	Roots	>1000

¹Endemic to the Indian subcontinent, collected from a tree farm in Oregon
²10 µg/ml was the lowest concentration tested with mean mortality at 90 %

Back to article page