Biomechanical modeling as a practical tool for predicting injury risk related to repetitive muscle lengthening during learning and training of human complex motor skills

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Table 3 Comparisons of the hip and knee ROMs of the kick leg and the lengthening and lengthening speed of selected kick-leg muscles in both skills (fan kick vs. axe kick)

Joint	ROM (°)		Muscle lengthening
	ROM (°)		Muscle	Max lengthening (% of its rest length)		Lengthening speed (m/s)
	Fan kick	Axe kick	Muscle	Fan kick	Axe kick	Fan kick	Axe kick
Hip
Flex/Ext	146.3 ± 6.6	*162.2* ± *8.4*	Rect Fem	104.2 ± 4.1	105.9 ± 5.0	0.26 ± 0.02	*0.48* ± *0.05*
Abd/Add	*87.8* ± *5.6*	51.6 ± 6.1	Vast Lat	109.5 ± 4.5	103.6 ± 3.9	0.09 ± 0.00	*0.21* ± *0.01*
Rot	54.1 ± 4.1	57.9 ± 5.3	Bi Fem	127.3 ± 5.2	132.0 ± 4.7	0.44 ± 0.03	*0.69* ± *0.05*
Knee
Flex/Ext	*108.9* ± *6.3*	65.3 ± 4.7	Add Mag	*197.7* ± *5.3*	171.3 ± 4.9	0.42 ± 0.04	*0.61* ± *0.04*
Abd/Add	27.4 ± 4.6	28.8 ± 4.1	Gracilis	134.7 ± 4.8	133.8 ± 3.6	0.13 ± 0.00	*0.46* ± *0.05*
Rot	28.2 ± 4.1	21.5 ± 4.3	Glut Med	*127.9* ± *4.0*	116.3 ± 3.7	0.27 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.02
Rot	28.2 ± 4.1	21.5 ± 4.3	Semi	129.2 ± 4.4	133.8 ± 4.3	0.50 ± 0.03	*0.71* ± *0.06*

Italics: muscles in risk
Bold italics: the value is significantly high (p < 0.05) than that of the counterpart
Flex/Ext flexion/extension. Abd/Add abduction/adduction, Rot rotation
Rect Fem rectus femoris, Vast Lat vastus lateralis, Bi Fem biceps femoris, Add Mag adductor magnus, Glut Med glutaeus medius, Semi semimembranosus