Effect of degree of hydrolysis of whey protein on in vivo plasma amino acid appearance in humans

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Table 4 Plasma appearance rate constants, k ₁

	High DH	Medium DH	Low DH	Casein
k ₁ TAA^†	0.0585 [0.0454; 0.0754]	0.0594 [0.0459; 0.0768]	0.0560 [0.0429; 0.0732]	0.0194 [0.0129; 0.0291]*
k ₁ EAA^†	0.0384 [0.0264; 0.0559]	0.0338 [0.0231; 0.0495]	0.0331 [0.0221; 0.0497]	0.0114 [0.0073; 0.0178]*
k ₁ Leucine^†	0.0111 [0.0072; 0.0169]	0.0076 [0.0049; 0.0117]	0.0072 [0.0045; 0.0115]	0.0024 [0.0015; 0.0038]*

The mean rate constant estimates of plasma appearance, k ₁, (mol L⁻¹ min⁻¹) for total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA) and leucine concentrations for the four protein supplements High DH, Medium DH, Low DH and Casein were estimated by fitting the kinetic model (Eq. 7) to the measured concentrations of TAA, EAA and leucine for each subject (low DH: n = 4, all other supplements: n = 5) following ingestion of each supplement (shown in Additional file 1: Figure SI)
* Denotes that k ₁ for casein is different from the three WPH supplements (p < 0.001)
^† k ₁, (mol L⁻¹ min⁻¹) values are means [95 %-confidence intervals]