Fig. 4

Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin. DH, degree of hydrolysis (% cleaved peptide bonds). AUC, Area under the curve. AU, Arbitrary units. a The plasma glucose concentrations are presented as mean ± SEM for the three whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) supplements (High DH, Medium DH, Low DH) and a casein supplement at pre, and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after supplement ingestion. An overall effect of time was found (p < 0.001). *Denotes that concentrations of the four protein sources were lower than the pre level. The insert figure shows area under the curve for plasma glucose concentrations of the four protein supplements. For low DH n = 4, for all other supplements n = 5. b The plasma insulin concentrations are presented on a log scale as geometric means ± back-transformed ± SEM for the three WPH supplements (High DH, Medium DH, Low DH) and a casein supplement at pre, and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after supplement ingestion. An interaction was found for supplement × time (p < 0.001). ^λDenotes that High DH and Medium DH were higher than Casein (p < 0.003). ^γDenotes that Medium DH was higher than Low DH (p = 0.016). ^§Denotes that the three WPH supplements were higher than the casein supplement (p < 0.023). ^πDenotes that Low DH was higher than all other supplements (p < 0.028). The insert figure shows area under the curve for plasma insulin concentrations of the four protein supplements. ^†Denotes that Casein was lower than all three WPH supplements. For low DH n = 4, for all other supplements n = 5