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Table 2 Descriptive data and results of regression analyses for associations with diabetes 5 years after GDM

From: Model for individual prediction of diabetes up to 5 years after gestational diabetes mellitus

 

A. After pregnancy

B. After IFG or IGT at 1–2 years

NGT at 1–2 years and 5 years (n = 139)

Diabetes at 1–2 years or later (n = 73)

P*

Simple regression

Simple regressiona

R2

OR (95 % CI)

P

R2

OR (95 % CI)

P

Non-European origin

17 (13)

34 (51)

<10−7

0.21

7.09 (3.52–14.26)

<10 −7

0.08

3.24 (1.02–10.31)

0.047

First-grade diabetes heredity

36 (27)

35 (54)

<0.001

0.09

3.14 (1.69–5.84)

<0.001

0.10

3.17 (1.11–9.05)

0.031

Age at delivery (years)

31.9 (29.1–36.0)

35.4 (30.5–38.2)

0.004

0.06

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

0.005

0.12

1.15 (1.02–1.30)

0.022

Pregnancy

2-h PG (mmol/L)

9.3 (8.9–10.0)

10.1 (9.7–10.9)

<10−5

0.16

1.91 (1.41–2.58)

<10 −4

0.35

4.32 (1.78–10.51)

0.001

Diagnosis in early gestation

8 (6.3)

16 (26)

<0.001

0.10

5.24 (2.10–13.10)

<0.001

0.19

–

1

Insulin treatment

7 (5.0)

21 (30)

<10−5

0.15

8.25 (3.30–20.64)

<10−5

0.17

6.00 (1.67–21.59)

0.006

1‒2 years after pregnancy a

Interval to follow-up (years)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

0.31

<0.01

1.32 (0.80–2.20)

0.28

0.03

0.54 (0.19–1.57)

0.26

Deliveries >3

5 (3.6)

11 (16)

0.004

0.06

5.08 (1.69–15.29)

0.004

0.13

10.00 (1.12–88.91)

0.039

BMI (kg/m2)

22.4 (20.8–24.7)

30.3 (25.8–35.4)

<10−15

0.40

1.28 (1.19–1.37)

<10 −10

0.29

1.25 (1.10–1.41)

0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.2 (4.9–5.5)

6.2 (5.5–6.8)

<10−16

 

NA

 

0.12

3.2 (1.20–8.2)

0.019

2-h PG (mmol/L)

5.6 (4.8–6.3)

8.6 (7.0–11.2)

<10−20

 

NA

 

0.012

1.13 (0.82–1.5)

0.45

5 years after pregnancy a

Interval to follow-up (years)

5.1 (5.0–5.2)

5.1 (5.0–5.3)

0.64

0.01

0.58 (0.25–1.34)

0.20

0.05

0.41 (0.11–1.50)

0.18

Deliveries >3

6 (4.3)

7 (20)

0.005

0.07

5.54 (1.73–17.75)

0.004

0.04

2.50 (0.59–10.61)

0.21

BMI (kg/m2)

22.8 (20.9–25.9)

28.0 (26.7–35.1)

<10−9

0.35

1.30 (1.18–1.43)

<10−6

0.31

1.30 (1.10–1.53)

0.002

FPG (mmol/L)

5.5 (5.2–5.8)

7.1 (6.7–7.2)

<10−16

 

NA

  

NA

 

2-h PG (mmol/L)

7.3 (6.6–8.1)

12.1 (9.3–12.6)

<10−11

 

NA

  

NA

 
  1. Data given are n (%) or median (interquartile range)
  2. Differences were tested with Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables) or the Mann–Whitney U test (continuous variables)
  3. Variables used in prediction models A and B are marked with bolditalics P values
  4. GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, NGT normal glucose tolerance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, PG plasma glucose, FPG fasting plasma glucose, R 2 R-squared by Nagelkerke, OR odds ratio, NA not applicable
  5. * Comparisons performed against NGT at 1–2 years and 5 years
  6. aSimple regression for diabetes after 1–2 years (n = 28) versus NGT at 5 years (n = 36)
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