Respiratory mechanics measured by forced oscillation technique in rheumatoid arthritis-related pulmonary abnormalities: frequency-dependence, heterogeneity and effects of smoking

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Table 2 CT findings

Findings, n (%)	Total, n = 69	Airway, n = 27	IP, n = 23	P value
Airspace consolidation	25 (36.2 %)	15 (55.6 %)	5 (21.7 %)
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–2)	1 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	0.034*
Ground grass opacity	31 (44.9 %)	5 (18.5 %)	18 (78.3 %)
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–4)	0 (0–2)	1 (0–4)	<0.001*
Reticulation	41 (59.4 %)	11 (40.7 %)	20 (87.0 %)
Grade, median (range)	1 (0–3)	0 (0–1)	1 (0–3)	<0.001*
Bronchovascular bundle thickening	1 (1.4 %)	1 (3.7 %)	0
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)	0.377
Honeycombing	10 (14.5 %)	0	9 (39.1 %)
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–3)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–3)	<0.001*
Nodules	49 (71.4 %)	26 (96.3 %)	10 (43.5 %)
Grade, median (range)	1 (0–4)	1 (0–4)	0 (0–1)	<0.001*
Emphysema	20 (29.0 %)	2 (7.4 %)	13 (56.5 %)
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–3)	0 (0–2)	1 (0–3)	<0.001*
Bullae	24 (34.8 %)	4 (14.8 %)	13 (56.5 %)
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	1 (0–1)	<0.001*
Bronchiectasis or bronchiolectasis	23 (33.3 %)	19 (70.4 %)	0
Grade, median (range)	0 (0–2)	1 (0–2)	0 (0–0)	<0.001*
Traction bronchiectasis	20 (29.0 %)	3 (11.1 %)	17 (73.9 %)	<0.001*
Crazy-paving appearance	2 (2.9 %)	0	2 (8.7 %)	0.207
Tree-in-bud sign	6 (8.7 %)	5 (18.5 %)	0	0.054
Architectural distortion	14 (20.3 %)	4 (14.8 %)	8 (34.8 %)	0.183
Pulmonary artery enlargement	2 (2.9 %)	0	1 (4.3 %)	0.460
Esophageal dilatation	15 (21.7 %)	4 (14.8 %)	8 (34.8 %)	0.183
Lymph node enlargement	16 (23.2 %)	6 (22.2 %)	5 (21.7 %)	1
Pleural or pericardial effusion or thickening	16 (23.2 %)	6 (22.2 %)	5 (21.7 %)	1
Bronchiolar abnormality	33 (47.8 %)	25 (92.6 %)	3 (13.0 %)	<0.001*

Airway airway lesion dominant pattern, IP interstitial pneumonia dominant pattern
* Significantly different (P < 0.05) between airway lesion and IP dominant groups (Mann–Whitney test or Fisher’s exact test)