Cultivation-independent approach for the direct detection of bacteria in human clinical specimens as a tool for analysing culture-negative samples: a prospective study

Aguilera-Arreola, Ma. Guadalupe; Martínez-Peña, Marcos Daniel; Hernández-Martínez, Fabiola; Juárez Enriques, Sara R.; Rico Verdín, Beatriz; Majalca-Martínez, Cristina; Castro-Escarpulli, Graciela; Albarrán-Fernández, Enrique; Serrano-López, S. Cecilia

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1949-3

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Table 1 Relevant characteristics of the positive broad-range PCR samples

From: Cultivation-independent approach for the direct detection of bacteria in human clinical specimens as a tool for analysing culture-negative samples: a prospective study

Case number	Sample type	16S rRNA identification^a	Hospital area	HAI	Symptomatology of HAI	Outcome
002-001	Bronchial aspirate	Mixed infection^b	ICU-A	Undemonstrated bacteraemia	Yes	Improvement
002-005	CSF	Agrococcus sp.	ICU-N	Meningitis	Yes	UD
002-011	Blood culture	Mixed infection^b	BU	Undemonstrated bacteraemia	Yes	Improvement
002-085	Blood culture	Pseudomonas sp.	Haematology	Bacteraemia	Yes	Death
002-088	Blood culture	Mixed infection^b	Haematology	Sample contamination	Yes	Death
002-095	Blood culture	Bacillus sp.	Haematology	Bacteraemia	Yes	UD
002-114	Blood culture	Mixed infection^b	Haematology	Bacteraemia	Yes	UD
002-174	Blood culture	Leuconostoc sp.	Haematology	Sample contamination	Yes	Improvement
002-028	Catheter tip	Staphylococcus sp.	BU	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Improvement
002-029	Catheter tip	Staphylococcus sp.	Cardiology	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Improvement
002-038	Catheter tip	Staphylococcus sp.	Cardiology	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Death
002-039	Catheter tip	Kocuria sp.	Haematology	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Improvement
002-167	Catheter tip	Enterococcus sp.	PIM	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Transfer
002-169	Catheter tip	Enterococcus sp.	Haematology	Bacteraemia	Yes	UD
002-023	Urine	Pseudomonas sp.	ICU-A	UTI	Yes	Death
002-065	Urine	Achromobacter sp.	Haematology	UTI	Yes	Death
002-103	Urine	Pseudocitrobacter sp.	ICU-A	Catheter colonisation	Yes	Death
002-104	Urine	Escherichia sp.	ICU-A	UTI	Yes	Improvement
002-105	Urine	Enterococcus sp.	Neurology	UTI	Yes	Transfer
002-106	Urine	Escherichia sp.	MMF	UTI	Yes	UD
002-170	Ulcer	Salmonella sp.	PI	Wound	Yes	UD
002-037	Wound secretion	Staphylococcus sp.	UTIP	STI	Yes	Death
002-171	Wound secretion	Enterococcus sp.	Rheumatology	Wound	Yes	Transfer

CSF cerebrospinal fluid; ICU-A intensive care unit, adult; ICU-N intensive care unit, new-born; BU burn unit; PIM paediatric internal medicine; MMF maternal foetal medicine; ICU-P intensive care unit, paediatric; UTI urinary tract infection; PI paediatric infectology; STI soft tissue infection; HCAI clinical healthcare infection; UD the outcome was not known at the time of the study
^aThe species designation was determining with the closest genetic identification based on GenBank sequence analysis (Fig. 1)
^bAetiological agents of polybacterial infections could not be identified due to low-quality sequences

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