Table 1 Composition (%) of the needles, twigs and cones oils of Pinus mugo from different locations
From: Essential oil composition variability among natural populations of Pinus mugo Turra in Kosovo
No. | Constituentsb | “Sharri” National Park | “Bjëshket e Nemuna” National Park | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ostrovicë | Pashallarë | Oshlak | Hajle | Liqenat | Koprivnik | ||||||||||||||
KIa | N | T | C | N | T | C | N | T | C | N | T | C | N | T | N | T | C | ||
1 | Tricyclene | 926 | 0.7 | tr | tr | 0.7 | tr | tr | 0.9 | 0.2 | tr | 0.9 | 0.2 | tr | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | tr | tr |
2 | α-thujene | 930 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.3 | tr | 1.3 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | tr | 0.2 |
3 | α-pinene | 940 | 22.6 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 17.2 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 17.0 | 8.8 | 5.4 | 19.9 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 23.9 | 7.4 | 24.5 | 6.9 | 5.7 |
4 | Camphene | 948 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
5 | Thuja-2,4(10)-diene | 960 | tr | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 | tr | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.0 | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.3 | 0.3 |
6 | Sabinene | 975 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
7 | β-pinene | 979 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 14.4 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 15.4 | 14.2 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
8 | Myrcene | 990 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 6.1 | 10.3 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 4.6 |
9 | α-phellndrene | 1005 | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | tr | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr |
10 | δ-3-carene | 1011 | 19.8 | 32.4 | 14.8 | 16.3 | 34.0 | 10.5 | 17.7 | 28.6 | 22.1 | 27.9 | 51.7 | 31.5 | 17.3 | 29.0 | 15.5 | 24.0 | 15.2 |
11 | α-terpinene | 1018 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr |
12 | p-Cymene | 1024 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
13 | Limonene + β-phellandrene | 1031 | 2.0 | 24.3 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 12.7 | 2.0 | 5.9 | 17.9 | 9.3 | 3.8 | 14.3 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 21.1 | 4.8 | 23.2 | 6.3 |
14 | β-E-ocimene | 1050 | tr | tr | tr | 0.5 | tr | 0.2 | 1.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 | tr | tr |
15 | γ-terpinen | 1062 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
16 | p-Mentha2,4(8)-diene | 1088 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
17 | γ-terpinolene | 1088 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.3 |
18 | Linalool | 1098 | 0.3 | tr | 3.6 | 0.3 | tr | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
19 | Unknown 1 | 1127 | tr | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | tr | 0.4 | 0.4 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr |
20 | E-pinocarveol | 1139 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | tr |
21 | Camphor | 1146 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.4 | tr | tr |
22 | Borneol | 1165 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
23 | Terpinene-4-ol | 1177 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr |
24 | Meta-cymen-8-ol | 1179 | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr |
25 | p-cymen-8-ol | 1183 | tr | 0.4 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.3 | 0.4 |
26 | α-terpinol | 1188 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
27 | Methyl salicylate | 1191 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr |
28 | Myrtenol | 1195 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | tr | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
29 | Thymol methyl ether | 1235 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
30 | Linalool acetate | 1256 | 0.2 | tr | 1.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
31 | Bornyl acetate | 1285 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 8.1 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
32 | β-terpinyl acetate | 1352 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
33 | α-copane | 1376 | 1.5 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.4 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
34 | β-Bourbonene | 1384 | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | tr |
35 | β-elemene | 1391 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
36 | Longifolene | 1407 | tr | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2.8 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
37 | Unknown 2 | 1420 | 0.5 | tr | 0.9 | 0.2 | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.3 |
38 | E-caryophyllene | 1418 | 9.0 | 7.3 | 19.2 | 8.1 | 6.1 | 20.5 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 10.4 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 16.6 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 27.0 |
39 | β-copaene | 1432 | 0.3 | tr | 0.5 | 0.2 | tr | 1.1 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
40 | α-Humulene | 1454 | tr | 0.5 | tr | 0.6 | 1.0 | tr | 0.6 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.5 | tr | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 4.5 |
41 | Aromadendrene | 1458 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.1 | tr | 3.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | tr | tr | tr |
42 | Cis-muurola-4(14),5 diene | 1458 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
43 | β-chamigrene | 1477 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
44 | γ-gurjunene | 1477 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
45 | γ-muurolene | 1479 | 0.4 | tr | 0.6 | 0.6 | tr | 1.1 | 0.4 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
46 | Germacrene D | 1481 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 9.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 4.0 | tr | 1.3 | 5.6 | 0.8 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 12.5 |
47 | β-selinene | 1490 | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.5 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
48 | γ-amorphene | 1495 | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | tr | 0.4 | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
49 | Bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.6 | tr | 3.4 | 0.6 | tr | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
50 | α-muurolene | 1500 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.2 |
51 | γ-cadinene | 1519 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | tr | 0.6 | 0.2 | tr | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
52 | δ-cadinene | 1523 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.4 | tr | 2.3 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 |
53 | Trans-cadina-1,4-diene | 1534 | tr | tr | 0.4 | tr | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.3 |
54 | α-cadinene | 1538 | 0.6 | tr | 0.7 | 0.4 | tr | 0.4 | 0.5 | tr | 0.8 | 0.2 | tr | 1.0 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.4 |
55 | E-nerolidol | 1561 | 0.4 | tr | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | tr | tr | 0.7 | tr | tr | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.7 | tr | tr |
56 | Unknown 3 | 1582 | 0.7 | 0.5 | tr | 0.9 | 0.6 | tr | 0.4 | 0.3 | tr | 0.8 | 0.4 | tr | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr |
57 | Spathulenol | 1578 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | tr | 1.3 | 0.2 | tr | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.2 | tr | 0.5 |
58 | Cariophyllene oxide | 1583 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | tr | 1.8 | 0.3 | tr | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
59 | Juneol | 1618 | tr | tr | 0.6 | tr | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | 0.8 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 |
60 | Epi-α-cubenol | 1627 | 0.4 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr |
61 | Epi-α-cadinol | 1640 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | tr | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
62 | α-Muurolol | 1645 | tr | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.6 | tr | 0.2 | 2.6 | tr | tr | 3.0 | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.5 | 1.3 |
63 | Amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol | 1700 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | 0.7 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.4 |
64 | Manooloxide | 1987 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 0.3 | 0.2 | tr | 0.7 | 0.2 | tr | 1.1 | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.2 | 0.9 |
65 | Abietadiene | 2087 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | tr | 0.3 | tr | tr | 1.1 | tr | tr | 1.1 | tr | tr | tr | 0.2 | 0.6 |
66 | Unknown 4 | 2116 | tr | 0.4 | 24.2 | 1.0 | tr | 19.1 | tr | tr | 8.5 | tr | tr | 0.5 | tr | tr | tr | 1.7 | 3.2 |
67 | Unknown 5 | 2159 | 2.1 | tr | tr | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | tr | 0.8 | 0.5 | tr | tr | 0.2 | tr | 0.4 | tr | 0.2 |
68 | Unknown 6 | tr | 0.6 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 8.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 19.6 | 0.2 | 1.0 | tr | 0.9 | tr | |
Total identified | 97.6 | 96.8 | 68.9 | 95.8 | 96.8 | 71.4 | 98.3 | 98.1 | 81.5 | 97.1 | 98.6 | 79.1 | 98.6 | 98.0 | 98.6 | 95.8 | 94.8 | ||
Yield %v/w (min and max.values) | 0.5–0.6 | 1.1–1.2 | 0.4–0.5 | 0.3–04 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.3–0.4 | 0.5–0.6 | 1.4–1.8 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.4–0.5 | 1.8–2.2 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.5–0.8 | 1.5–1.8 | 0.4–0.8 | 1.8–2.4 | 0.3–0.5 | ||
Monoterpenes | 57.2 | 79.0 | 26.2 | 53.1 | 79.7 | 24.9 | 62.1 | 80.9 | 57.5 | 67.2 | 86.1 | 50.1 | 63.2 | 78.2 | 62.3 | 67.0 | 36.3 | ||
Oxygenatedmonoterpenes | 2.20 | 4.10 | 6.50 | 2.60 | 3.10 | 4.00 | 1.50 | 3.50 | 1.80 | 1.70 | 2.60 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 2.50 | 1.90 | 2.50 | 1.40 | ||
Sesquiterpenes | 28.8 | 13.2 | 30.1 | 28.8 | 11.9 | 36.9 | 25.6 | 10.2 | 15.2 | 18. | 7.6 | 19.8 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 51.7 | ||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 5.3 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 3.9 | ||
Diterpenes | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.5 | ||
Other hydrocarbons | 3.6 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 1.6 | 2. | 5.0 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 8.2 | 3.3 | 7.70 | 2.5 | 1.3 | ||
Unidentified | 2.8 | 1.7 | 30.7 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 26.9 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 17.7 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 20.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 3.9 | ||