Coping strategies among adolescents with chronic headache and mental health problems: a cross-sectional population-based study

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Table 2 Comparison of coping strategies [internal (ICS) and external (ECS) coping strategies] between headache and mental health groups

		Control N (%)	CH N (%)	CHMH N (%)	MH N (%)
ICS 1—Keep painful thoughts and feelings inside	No	14,202 (86.8)^a	510 (75.8)^c	94 (46.5)^d	643 (63.9)^b
ICS 1—Keep painful thoughts and feelings inside	Yes	2155 (13.2)^a	163 (24.2)^c	108 (53.5)^d	363 (36.1)^b
ICS 2—Work more with other things to avoid thinking bad thoughts	No	12,475 (76.3)^a	464 (69.8)^b	131 (65.8)^b	668 (68.0)^b
	Yes	3868 (23.7)^a	201 (30.2)^b	68 (34.2)^b	314 (32.0)^b
ICS 3—Using abusive substances when having bad thoughts or feelings	No	15,727 (97.0)^a	598 (92.0)^c	160 (79.2)^d	862 (86.5)^b
	Yes	489 (3.0)^a	52 (8.0)^c	42 (20.8)^d	134 (13.5)^b
ICS 4—Try to talk oneself out of problems	No	14,756 (90.8)^a	520 (78.8)^b	124 (61.4)^c	745 (74.9)^b
ICS 4—Try to talk oneself out of problems	Yes	1502 (9.2)^a	140 (21.2)^b	78 (38.6)^c	249 (25.1)^b
ECS 1—Visit health care service when having bad thoughts or feelings	No	15,999 (98.8)^a	629 (96.3)^b	183 (91.5)^c	949 (95.6)^b,c
	Yes	199 (1.2)^a	24 (3.7)^b	17 (8.5)^c	44 (4.4)^b,c
ECS 2—Speak with family when having bad thoughts or feelings	No	12,308 (74.9)^a	519 (77.8)^a,c	171 (85.5)^b,c	873 (87.2)^b
	Yes	4123 (25.1)^a	148 (22.2)^a,c	29 (14.5)^b,c	128 (12.8)^b
ECS 3—Speak with friends when having bad thoughts or feelings	No	8004 (48.2)^a	320 (47.6)^a	128 (64.0)^b	627 (62.2)^b
	Yes	8592 (51.8)^a	352 (52.4)^a	72 (36.0)^b	381 (37.8)^b

No is defined as either not true or somewhat true, whereas yes is equivalent to certainly true
Values in the same row and subtable not sharing the same superscript are significantly different at p < 0.05 in the two-sided test of equality for column proportions. Tests assume equal variances (tests are adjusted for all pairwise comparisons within a row of each innermost subtable using the Bonferroni correction)