High incidence of triple negative breast cancers following pregnancy and an associated gene expression signature

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Table 2 Genes showing differential expression between nulliparous and parous tumors as determined by real time PCR

	Nulliparous	Recent pregnancy	Distant pregnancy	Parous	p value
CXCL1	1 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 1.1	4.7 ± 1.5	4.4 ± 1.6	0.005
THBS1	1 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.0	0.01
ESR1	1 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.0	0.2 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.1	0.01
ELN	1 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.1	0.018
TGFB3	1 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.1	0.022
ADAM9	1 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	0.025
IL11	1 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.1	0.026
CDH1	1 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.0	0.037

Gene expression averages were normalized to the nulliparous group. Mean ± SE are shown. Parous includes recent and distant pregnancies. p value is for t test comparing nulliparous to parous. N nulliparous tumors = 19, N recent pregnancy tumors = 17, N distant pregnancy tumors = 17, N parous (combined recent and distant pregnancy) = 34