Table 3 Results of multilevel analysis
Malaysia | Singapore | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Final model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Final model | |||||||
Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | |
Intercept | 415.05 | 4.81 | 414.10 | 4.73 | 417.89 | 3.54 | 563.85 | 4.96 | 567.08 | 3.55 | 566.97 | 3.41 |
Student background factors | ||||||||||||
Boys | −3.81*** | 3.94 | −3.39 | 3.57 | −3.28 | 3.60 | 4.61 | 5.28 | −3.40 | 4.23 | −3.27 | 4.21 |
ESCS | 16.03*** | 2.34 | 11.81*** | 2.11 | 7.61*** | 2.17 | 27.11*** | 3.13 | 14.28*** | 2.84 | 14.32*** | 2.87 |
School level factors | ||||||||||||
Proportion of boys | −19.14 | 24.58 | −3.20 | 21.61 | ||||||||
ESCS mean | 48.45*** | 7.77 | −1.81 | 5.07 | ||||||||
Affective characteristics | ||||||||||||
Self-efficacy | 25.14*** | 3.44 | 25.17*** | 3.43 | 36.97*** | 2.85 | 36.98*** | 2.86 | ||||
Self-concept | −4.27 | 4.43 | −3.14 | 4.46 | 3.30 | 3.78 | 3.23 | 3.70 | ||||
Instrumental motivation | 5.57 | 3.48 | 5.96* | 3.47 | −12.67* | 3.41 | −12.73*** | 3.38 | ||||
Intrinsic motivation | 0.10 | 3.69 | −0.08 | 3.72 | −6.57 | 3.64 | −6.59* | 3.64 | ||||
Mathematics anxiety | −14.30*** | 2.65 | −14.69*** | 2.76 | −21.78*** | 2.97 | −21.84*** | 2.96 | ||||
Between-school variance | 1422.83 | 1211.76 | 664.45 | 2301.01 | 1196.46 | 1192.38 | ||||||
Within-school variance | 3658.77 | 2741.94 | 2718.59 | 5824.30 | 4170.91 | 4170.18 | ||||||
Total variance | 5181.60 | 3953.70 | 3383.04 | 8125.31 | 5367.37 | 5362.56 | ||||||
Between-school variance explained | 31.35 % | 41.54 % | 67.94 % | 28.12 % | 62.63 % | 62.75 % | ||||||
Within-school variance explained | 4.20 % | 28.21 % | 28.82 % | 7.27 % | 33.59 % | 33.59 % | ||||||
Total variance explained | 13.75 % | 32.90 % | 42.58 % | 14.31 % | 43.40 % | 43.45 % | ||||||