Table 4 Search themes case studies
From: The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review
Sport | Sport technology | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Aeromodelling | Whether such technology is a competitive sport | Norris (2011) |
Amateur boxing | Increase in head injuries caused by boxers feeling they have an increased invulnerability | Dyer et al. (2010) |
America’s Cup yachting | Hull design | Nafziger (2004) |
American football | The replacement of leather headgear by plastic helmets | |
Athletics with a disability (100–400 m running) | Oscar Pistorius prosthetic legs | Baker (2015); Wolbring and Tynedal (2013); Marcellini et al. (2012); Wolbring (2012); Burkett et al. (2011); Scholz et al. (2011); Dyer et al. (2011); Howe (2011); van Hilvoorde and Landeweerd (2008); Dyer et al. (2010); Burkett (2010); Murray (2010); Jones and Wilson (2009); Moses (2009); Lea (2009); Weyand et al. (2009); Zettler (2009); Grabowski et al. (2009); Swartz and Watermeyer (2008); Mokha and Conrey (2007); Hutzler (2008); Edwards (2008); Wolbring (2008) |
Athletics with a disability (Long Jump) | Markus Rehm prosthetic leg | Baker (2015) |
Cricket | Line call technology | Collins and Evans (2011); Collins (2010); Collins and Evans (2008); Singh (2012) |
Cycling | Obree ‘tuck position’ (reskilling based technology) | Trabal (2008) |
Cycling | Use of the rear gear derailleur in the Tour de France | Trabal (2008) |
Cycling | Obree ‘tuck’ or ‘superman position’ (reskilling based technology) | |
Distance running | Chip timing | Sailors (2009) |
Fishing | Introduction of the spinning reel | |
Football | Use of goal-line technology/refereeing | Svantesson (2014); Singh (2012); Nlandu (2012); Collins (2010) |
Golf | Casey Martin’s use of a golf cart | Baker (2015); Burkett et al. (2011); Dyer et al. (2010); Hutzler (2008); Charlish and Riley (2008); Francis (2005) |
Golf | ‘U’ grooves in golf club heads | |
Golf | Croquet style putter | Carr (2008) |
Golf | ‘Polara’ golf ball | Dyer et al. (2011) |
Golf | Introduction of rubber cored golf ball | Vamplew (2007) |
Golf | Golf ball and arguments between two governing bodies over use of steel shafts in the 1950’s | Vamplew (2007) |
Ice hockey | Argued mandatory use of goalie face masks | Bachynski (2012) |
Ice skating | Use of ‘Klapskates’ | van Hilvoorde et al. (2007) |
Marathon running | Use of wheelchairs at Boston Marathon in 1975 | Hutzler (2008) |
Pole vault | Use of glass fibre for pole | |
Pole vault | Digging of hole to plant pole into. | VerSteeg (2005) |
Rowing | Movable handles (roller skiff) | Trabal (2008) |
Swimming | Full body swimsuits being hydrodynamically superior | Foster et al. (2012); Stefani (2012); Craik (2011); Partridge (2011); James (2010); Burkett (2010); Zettler (2009); Lea (2009); Mountjoy et al. (2009); Magdalinski (2000) |
Tennis | Use of ‘Hawk-eye’ line judge technology | |
Tennis | ‘Spaghetti strung’ rackets | Dyer et al. (2011); Dyer et al. (2010); Sheridan (2006); Savulescu (2006) |
Tennis | Ball size and material composition | |
Various | Use of hypoxic chambers | James (2010); Loland and Caplan (2008); Spriggs (2005); Miah (2006); Miah (2005) |
Wrestling | Use of video-taped evidence | Nafziger (2004) |