Table 1 Summary of sports technology impact

Harm or health (to the athlete or others)

Hemphill (2009); Kayser et al. (2007); Miah (2006); Lavin (2003); Loland (2002); Stoll et al. (2002); Bjerklie (1993); Brown (1980)

Un-naturalness

Hemphill (2009; Miah (2006); Loland (2002); Stoll et al. (2002)

Unfair advantage or consideration of fairness

Murray (2010); Hemphill (2009); Carr (2008); Miah (2006); Lavin (2003); Stoll et al. (2002); Loland (2002); Gardner (1989); Brown (1980)

Coercion

Lavin (2003); Gardner (1989)

Safety, and spectator appeal

Gelberg (1998)

Integrity of the game, harm to or advantage over the sport itself, or the ‘spirit of the sport’

James (2010); Miah (2000); Gardner (1989)

Deskilling and reskilling

Miah (2006); Sheridan (2006); Miah (2000); Gardner (1989)

Dehumanisation

Miah (2000)

Cost (or excess cost)

James (2010); Froes (1997)

The internal goods of a sport

Schneider and Butcher (1993)

Equal opportunity or access

Lenk (2007); Gelberg (1998)