Characterization of mature maize (Zea mays L.) root system architecture and complexity in a diverse set of Ex-PVP inbreds and hybrids

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Table 4 Genetic effects of the parents per se estimated from the general model for FD, FA, RA, and SD root traits

Inbred	Pool	FD	FA	RA	SD
Positive additive effects for root traits
LH123HT	N	0.016	19,803***	2.6	17.4
PHZ51	N	0.003	13,671**	13.6***	38.6***
MO17	N	0.022*	7,505	2.7	1.0
PHG39	S	0.033**	11,046*	0.1	−7.9
PHG84	N	0.029**	12,864*	−2.5	4.8
Positive FD and SD, negative RA
B73	S	0.054***	1,877	−19.2***	24.6*
Negative FD and FA, positive RA
LH1	S	−0.051***	−13,122*	13.0***	−5.5
LH82	N	−0.043***	−9,488^○	9.1**	−18.6
Negative additive effects for root traits
PHG47	N	−0.029**	−11,585*	−5.1	−4.4
PHJ40	S	−0.023*	−28,702***	−9.1**	−40.5***
PH207	N	0.006	−5,983	−9.1**	−8.8
Neutral root trait effects
PHG35	N	0.000	2,115	3.9	−2.5
SE^a		0.009	4,240	2.7	9.3

Pool heterotic pool, S stiff stalk synthetic, N non-stiff stalk, FD, fractal dimension, FA fractal abundance, RA root angle and SD stalk diameter.
^aStandard error for genetic effects. False discovery rate significances are shown as *** q ≤ 0.001; ** q ≤ 0.01; * q ≤ 0.05; ^○ q ≤ 0.1.