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Table 4 Parameter estimates for the full model and marginal effects from the multinomial logistic regression model of the perceived degree of climate change and its impact on agriculture over the last 20 years by farm households in the Borana lowlands

From: Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral/agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia

Explanatory variable

Overall significance of the variable (P-value)

Groups

Noticeable and having some effects on agriculture (N = 109)

Noticeable and substantially affecting agriculture (N = 243)

Noticeable and completely changing the way we farm (N = 101)

 

Coefficient (Odds ratio)

P-value

Coefficient (Odds ratio)

P-value

Coefficient (Odds ratio)

P-value

Age

0.000**

Age 1 vs 3

−2.130(0.035)

0.000**

−0.964(0.167)

0.069ns

−1.563(0.061)

0.006**

  

Age 2 vs 3

0.900(0.717)

0.020*

0.137(0.502)

0.741ns

0.326(0.402)

0.391**

Education

0.008**

Cat 1 vs 3

0.399(0.900)

0.515ns

0.597(2.299)

0.294ns

1.002(3.029)

0.091ns

  

Cat 2 vs 3

−0.905(0.244)

0.146ns

−0.361(0.882)

0.561ns

−0.875(0.454)

0.173ns

Household size

0.143ns

0.015(1.015)

0.923ns

0.065(1.067)

0.643ns

0.103(1.108)

0.472ns

Production system

0.566ns

−0.047(0.954)

0.936ns

−0.289(0.749)

0.595ns

0.029(1.029)

0.963ns

Livestock holding

0.004**

0.436(1.547)

0.001**

0.441(1.554)

0.001**

0.399(1.492)

0.001**

Farm income

0.086ns

−0.0004(1.000)

0.767ns

−0.0002(1.000)

0.869ns

−0.0023(0.998)

0.172ns

Non-farm income

0.159ns

0.0009(1.001)

0.474ns

0.0016(1.002)

0.160ns

0.0015(1.001)

0.185ns

Access to climate information

0.001**

1.750(5.751)

0.007**

1.990(7.313)

0.001**

1.351(3.861)

0.038*

Access to extension service

0.001**

1.556(4.742)

0.033*

1.786(5.963)

0.002**

0.824(2.278)

0.247ns

Observations used

465

  1. reference level = no perception of climate change; pseudo-R2 = 0.223; ** = highly significant; * = significant; ns = non-significant