Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral/agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia

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Table 2 Pastoralist/agropastoralists perceptions of existence and direction of changes in temperature and rainfall over the past 20 years (1992–2012) in the Borana lowlands, Ethiopia

Percentage of responses in each category of change (N = 475)
Which direction do you think temperature and rainfall are changing?
Climatic variable	Climatic element	Increasing	Decreasing	More extremes	Not sure	χ ² test P value
Temperature (all seasons)	Overall temp	68	1	29	2	0.0001^**
	Daily temp	95	3	-	2	0.0001^**
	Nightly temp	57	33	-	10	0.0001^**
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Amount	3	95	-	2	0.0001^**
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Intensity	18	67	-	15	0.0001^**
How do you see the coming of rains during rainy seasons?
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Timing	Early onset	Late onset	More extremes	Not sure
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Timing	1	96	-	3	0.0001^**
How do you see the length of rainy periods?
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Duration	Longer	Shorter	More extremes	Not sure
Rainfall (rainy seasons)	Duration	0	97	-	3	0.0001^**
Which season do you think temperature or rainfall is changing most?
Changes by season		Long rains	Short dry	Short rains	Long dry
	Temperature	1	3	94	2	0.0001^**
	Rainfall	52	0	42	6	0.0001^**

Values are presented as a percentage of the group followed by confidence limits in brackets (overall N = 475)
Figures in brackets show lower and upper confidence limits at 95 % confidence level