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Table 3 Clinical factors in the single-surgery group and repetitive-surgery group of superior oblique muscle palsy including both idiopathic and acquired palsy

From: Clinical factors underlying a single surgery or repetitive surgeries to treat superior oblique muscle palsy

  

Single surgery

Repetitive surgeries

P value

Statistical method

(n = 203)

(n = 43)

Sex

     

  Male

 

107 (52.7%)

19 (44.2%)

0.31

Fisher exact probability test

  Female

 

96 (47.3%)

24 (55.8%)

Diagnosis

     

  Idiopathic

 

175 (86.2%)

37 (86.0%)

0.98

Fisher exact probability test (idiopathic versus acquired)

   Congenital

 

78

12

   Decompensated

 

97

25

  Acquired

 

28 (13.8%)

6 (14.0%)

   Traumatic

 

26

  5

  

   Ischemic

 

2

  1

  

Age at surgery

Mean ± Standard deviation

40.5 ± 25.9

51.0 ± 20.9

  

  (year)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

3.4, 83.0 (44.8)

5.3, 82.8 (53.8)

0.01

Mann–Whitney U-test

 

95% Confidence interval

36.9 to 44.1

44.5 to 57.4

  

Horizontal deviation

Mean ± Standard deviation

−4.3 ± 8.3

−7.3 ± 14.1

  

  (prism diopter)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

−35, 20 (−2)

−41, 17 (−4)

0.31

Mann–Whitney U-test

  -: exodeviation

95% Confidence interval

−3.2 to −5.5

−2.9 to −11.6

  

  +: esodeviation

Vertical deviation

Mean ± Standard deviation

16.3 ± 8.1

26.1 ± 8.8

  

  (prism diopter)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

0, 38 (15)

14, 49 (25)

<0.001

Mann–Whitney U-test

 

95% Confidence interval

15.2 to 17.4

23.4 to 28.8

  

Cyclotorsional deviation

Mean ± Standard deviation

−4.3 ± 5.4

−6.3 ± 5.5

  

  (degree)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

−40, 4 (−3)

−21, 1 (−6.5)

0.02

Mann–Whitney U-test

  -: excyclotorsion

95% Confidence interval

−3.6 to −5.1

−4.5 to −8.0

  

  +: incyclotorsion

TNO stereoacuity

     

  15 to 60 sec of arc

 

60 (29.6%)

9 (20.9%)

0.09

Chi-square test

  120 to 1980 sec of arc

 

62 (30.5%)

9 (20.9%)

  Not detected

 

81 (39.9%)

25 (58.1%)

Dissociated vertical deviation

     

  Present

 

17 (8.4%)

1 (2.3%)

0.17

Fisher exact probability test

  Absent

 

186 (91.6%)

42 (97.7%)

Dominant eye

     

  Contralateral eye

 

120 (59.1%)

24 (55.8%)

0.69

Fisher exact probability test

  Paretic eye

 

83 (40.9%)

19 (44.2%)

Postoperative deviation

     

Horizontal deviation

Mean ± Standard deviation

−2.6 ± 5.0

−3.3 ± 6.1

  

  (prism diopter)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

−20, 12 (0)

−18, 8 (0)

0.37

Mann–Whitney U-test

 

95% Confidence interval

−1.9 to −3.3

−1.4 to −5.2

  

Vertical deviation

Mean ± Standard deviation

5.1 ± 5.3

7.0 ± 7.1

  

  (prism diopter)

Minimum, Maximum (Median)

0, 25 (3.5)

0, 35 (4.5)

0.04

Mann–Whitney U-test

 

95% Confidence interval

4.4 to 5.9

4.7 to 9.3