Table 3 Muscle strength, physical functions, and muscle cross-sectional area values before and after the intervention

Knee extension, kg

baseline

32.2 ± 3.1

34.1 ± 3.2

0.642

5 weeks

33.3 ± 3.1

35.9 ± 3.6

10 weeks

33.8 ± 3.2

37.1 ± 3.8

Δ 10 weeks (%)^a

6.0 ± 4.0

9.7 ± 3.4^d

Leg extension, Nm

baseline

102.9 ± 9.6

97.4 ± 8.6

0.567

5 weeks

108.4 ± 11.0

102.0 ± 8.8

10 weeks

107.1 ± 10.6

103.8 ± 8.4

Δ 10 weeks (%)^a

4.2 ± 2.6

6.4 ± 2.0^d

Side step test, times

baseline

32.5 ± 1.6

32.3 ± 1.5

0.047

5 weeks

33.5 ± 1.6

34.3 ± 1.5^b

10 weeks

33.3 ± 1.6

34.4 ± 1.5^b

Δ 10 weeks (%)^a

2.4 ± 1.3

6.8 ± 1.6^{c d}

Chair stand test, sec

baseline

5.7 ± 0.4

5.9 ± 0.4

0.590

5 weeks

5.6 ± 0.3

5.5 ± 0.4

10 weeks

5.4 ± 0.4

5.3 ± 0.4

Δ 10 weeks (%)^a

- 4.6 ± 3.3

- 10.4 ± 2.3^d

Muscle CSA, cm²

baseline

129.2 ± 7.4

116.2 ± 5.7

0.025

10 weeks

129.4 ± 7.0

120.6 ± 5.7^b

Δ 10 weeks (%)^a

0.4 ± 1.0

4.0 ± 1.1^{c, d}